Types of Communication

Sorts of Communication Presentation The subject investigated is the various kinds of correspondence and their significance in the instructing condition. There are four principle sorts of correspondence: verbal, non-verbal, composed and visual. Each of these have there own method of giving data starting with one individual then onto the next. They each have there own preferences and hindrances. The report takes a gander at every one thus and takes a gander at ways poor correspondence can make obstruction learning. Verbal correspondence is a method of communicating wth words and getting the right message over. It very well may be verbally expressed words either up close and personal or visiting on the phone. It is imperative to set the correct tone and pace and utilize basic words and less Jargon. The selection of words would likewise should be considered as there might be students for whom English would be their subsequent language. In another word use KISS (Keep it Short and Simple). When imparting verbally it is critical to utilize basic language and not to utilize Jargon. It would be best practice to back up the exercises with Visual guides and presents for referencing. Present point in a consistent request to maintain a strategic distance from equivocalness and summerise key point regulary. Continuously give construcive criticism and permit the students to pose inquiry to affirm their comprehension. When utilizing verbal Communication make sure to utilize KISS. Favorable circumstances Ready to explain and pose inquiries straight away Ready to be adaptable and versatile as indicated by the crowd Ready to check if the messages had been comprehended Manufacture an affinity with students, use humor. Inconveniences Tone and non-verbal communication can give an inappropriate message The guidance can bring about misconception and off base reactions if seriously introduced. Leaners may have various implications for various words On the off chance that no notes are taken, at that point might be hard to recollect Non-Verbal Communication is the utilization of non-verbal communication, outward appearance, and hand development to pass on the message over. As an instructor, you ought to know about your non-verbal communication, of your dress, the language utilized, as each of these are seen by your students. Different zones that an educator would should know like creation eye to eye connection and tending to every one of the students. Likewise need to watch their outward appearance to perceive how they are respond. The educator ought to know about his/her stance, signals and body contact. The educator would should be situated so they are obvious to all students, If the instructor is remained behind a work area, it can cause a gap. By focusing on these ascribes empowers the educator to send clear positive vibes to the students and for the students to have a sense of security and agreeable. The following is a graph with some nonverbal approaches to convey. Focal points: ready to impart something that you dont need other to hear The discussion can be short and brief Capable you to impart in places where you should be quiet. Detriments You can't have meaningful discussion. Hard to comprehend and requires numerous reiterations. Composed correspondence can be in types of messages, freebees, introductions slides, manuals, and overhead projectors and so on. It is another method of imparting to your students utilizing visual guides. When making composed documentation, it is best practice to keep the composed documentation brief and exact. Ensuring that no language, slang or shortened form is being utilized. The wriiten documkentation must be spellchecked and edited to check whether anything can be misinterrpreted. A great deal of universities and unversities utilize a focal database or Intranets to put their presents and notes. Despite how the data is shown it despite everything should be elegantly composed and the crowd needs to considered. Favorable circumstances. Useful for directions and crucial data There is a lesser possibility for the message to be misjudged. It is a decent reference in the event that you have to return to it. Inconveniences Not close to home. Students will in general neglect to understand them. There is nobody to ask prompt. Hard to connect with a tone so can be confounded eg messages. Hindrances to Learning, because of poor correspondence. To dodge hindrances to realizing when utilizing verbal and non-verbal correspondence the educators would need to think about numerous variables. They would need to have information and comprehension of decent variety and social contrasts. In certain societies, looking can be viewed as inconsiderate or hostile. They would need to think about the crowd for example age, inability, religion, learning troubles. Their own non-verbal communication would need to open and welcoming. Utilizing a basic language jargon would suit all degrees of education students. Building up their degree of the base center would empower the educator to pitch at the correct level for instance not requesting that the class do investigate on the PC in the event that they have never utilized one. A large portion of the boundaries can be overwhelmed by the instructor, in the event that they are responsive to the students needs. End Educator Albert Mehrabian has spearheaded the comprehension of interchanges since the 1960s. His exploration gave the premise to the adequacy of spoken interchanges. Here is an increasingly exact (and essentially itemized) portrayal of Mehrabians discoveries than is commonly refered to or applied: 7% of message relating to sentiments and perspectives is in the words that are expressed. 38% of message relating to sentiments and perspectives is paralinguistic (how the words are said). 55% of message relating to sentiments and mentalities is in outward appearance. (Mehrabian) As the platitude goes, activity expresses stronger than words. In the event that we are continually mindful of the signs, we convey and on the off chance that it is done in a positive, agreeable, and reasonable path then there is no motivation behind why an educator and student can't impart in a fruitful manner References Petty.G (Forth release) Teaching Today: Communication squares, p40 to p41 Gravells, A, Simpson, S, (2008) Planning and Enabling Learning: Communication p71-p87 Site addresses: http://www.cehjournal.org/download/ceh_13_35_044.pdf http://communicatebetter.blogspot.com/2009/03/reasons for miscommunication-in-daily.html http://ukpmc.ac.uk/articlerender.cgi?artid=952211 http://www.uk-student.net/modules/wfsection/article.php?articleid=120 http://www.businessballs.com/mehrabiancommunications.htm http://honolulu.hawaii.edu/intranet/advisory groups/FacDevCom/guidebk/teachtip/teachtip.htm#communication

ROLE OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION IN MANAGEMENT Essay

Job OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION IN MANAGEMENT - Essay Example Administrative correspondence is a type of correspondence that happens in any working environment setting, either among chiefs and representatives or between assignments of various organizations. Viable administrative correspondence helps an organization in the accomplishment of objectives and destinations. A portion of the principle advantages of powerful administrative correspondence incorporate convenient correspondence between offices, improved and progressively effective business forms, improved dynamic, improved degree of comprehension among administrators and representatives, and improved working connections. In this paper, we will talk about the job of powerful correspondence in the executives. The paper will likewise remember a conversation for the obstructions in compelling correspondence and the approaches to defeat those hindrances. Standards of Effective Business Communication There are some key standards of powerful correspondence that make the procedure of business cor respondence fruitful and result-arranged. Those standards incorporate beginning the correspondence procedure in a cordial way, indicating enthusiasm for one another, giving true gratefulness to different gatherings associated with correspondence, defeating obstructions to correspondence, offering an incentive to the perspectives of one another, utilizing fitting non-verbal communication, and giving moment criticism. The procedure of correspondence should happen in a well disposed condition. Additionally, there ought to be lucidity in the messages and the tone of correspondence ought to be pleasant with the goal that others partaking in correspondence ought to comprehend the worries of one another without any problem. Another significant thing is that all members should show enthusiasm for knowing the perspective of one another so as to make an aware and quiet condition for correspondence. The members should show and give due regard to one another on the grounds that effective busine ss interchanges happen just when all gatherings show enthusiasm for one another and esteem the inputs and perspectives of others. Nobody should show any sort of demeanor or disrespect since it makes others awkward. Next, there ought to be no obstructions to correspondence since hindrances antagonistically influence the general procedure of correspondence. Criticism is one of the most significant standards of compelling administrative or business correspondence is constant input. Criticism makes the correspondence procedure significant and compelling. All members of the correspondence procedure ought to give moment input to the perspectives and worries of others since it enables the members to acquire certainty and comprehension of the issue. Best Practices for Effective Communication Along with the standards of powerful correspondence in the board, chiefs and workers additionally need to concentrate on some viable correspondence rehearses so as to make the correspondence procedure f ruitful. The two supervisors and representatives should have the option to discuss adequately with one another at the work environment on the grounds that insufficient correspondence, awful demeanor, and individual and business related clashes and misconceptions can influence the correspondence procedure and can make numerous issues for workers, just as for the organization. Comfort, opportunity of articulation, and convenient correspondence are those components of correspondence that assume a significant job in successful working environment and administrative level correspondence (Means, 2010, p. 45). Comfort From administrative correspondence viewpoint, supervisors and emp

How to Create an Elegant Wedding Invitation

How to Create an Elegant Wedding Invitation As a designer, wedding invitations are some of the most fun projects I get to work on. Theres something incredible about creating something thats one-of-a-kind and tailor-made to a couples personalities and styleâ€"not to mention that the invite itself becomes a keepsake for the couple even after the wedding is over.Because of the creative freedom that wedding invitations allow, its easy to get overwhelmed by all the style and production choices. Whether youre a designer working for a client or youre creating invitations for your own wedding, here are a few tips that can help take your invitations to the next level and create a polished, beautiful visual experience for guests. While making creative choices for your invitation, its important to keep in mind the style of the wedding and personalities of the couple in order to design something that truly represents them and feels appropriate for the event. This can be a great source of inspiration for you as you begin designing. Its als o important to consider a couples budget before beginning so you dont present them with options they cant afford. With a little creative thinking, distinct and beautiful invitations can be created on any budget.SizeOne thing that can help your invitation stand out is considering a unique size for your invitation. While a standard 5x7 invite feels traditional and formal, a different proportion can create a custom feel. A smaller invite has an intimate feel, while a larger one can feel grandiose. Play with the proportions and orientation as wellâ€"try a tall and skinny shape or flip the invite to be landscape instead of portrait. Another option to consider is a square, circular, or die-cut shaped invite. However, keep practicality in mindâ€"too small and your invite might not have enough room for legible information, and too large or uniquely-shaped and it might be challenging or expensive to package.TypographyWhen choosing the typeface for your invitation, think about how formal you want the invitation to appear and the overall impression you want guests to get from the invitation. Using a formal script font for the names of the couple is a great way to make the invite traditional and elegant. These fonts generally use thinner and more intricate strokes, and they work well with ornate graphics and imagery. Casual script fonts more closely resemble actual handwriting and can give a personal, laid-back appearance to your invite. Their heavier brushstrokes make them more modern-looking than formal scripts.Serif fonts also feel traditional and classic, and when printed are some of the most easy-to-read typefaces, making them ideal for the supporting body copy on your invite and invitation materials. Sans serifs feel modern, clean, and classy, and they work great both for headers and body copy.When choosing font pairings, its best to stick with fonts that contrast with each other to create a sense of balance and harmony. Avoid using scripts for anything except title s and headers, as these can be difficult to read at small sizes.If youre on a budget, it can be difficult to find quality typefaces for free or little cost, so below Ive outlined a few good choices that are completely free to use. Font Squirrel is a great resource to find quality fonts for free.Heres some free fonts that would look great in a wedding invitation.Unique imageryTo make an invite truly feel like it was custom-designed, consider creating custom visual elements or illustrations. This will make the invite feel personal and considered, and your client will probably appreciate the extra touch. A custom or unique illustration avoids making the invite look like it was created from a pre-designed template.If youre not an illustrator, another route is finding quality illustrations that you can repurpose to create a one-of-a-kind invite. The Graphics Fairy is a great online resource for free, public domain images including flourishes, floral accents, and page dividers. Or, consid er creating minimal, geometric graphic elements for a polished and clean look which pairs great with a sans serif font.Paper stockThere are lots of options when it comes to choosing the type of paper you print your invites on, even if youre on a budget. Paper with a matte finish feels classic and minimal, while textured paper can elevate your design and has a more artistic, handmade feel. Shimmer paper or other types of lustrous, semi-gloss papers create an upscale and luminous feel. Cotton or fabric-based papers are warm and approachable. Thinner paper stocks feel delicate, while thicker stocks feel substantial and considered.Along with weight choices, paper stock also comes in different variations of white and ivory. A bright white paper feels fresh and modern, while ivory or off-white feels traditional and antique. You could also use brown kraft paper for a rustic vibe or colored cardstock for a fun pop of color. Overlaying your invite with a translucent vellum paper is an easy w ay to create both elegance and visual interest.If youre not sure how a certain paper will look or feel, dont hesitate to ask your printer to send you paper samplesâ€"many common printing sites online offer this option for free on their websites. Making guesses about a paper stock without samples or a physical proof can lead to extra costs and time spent if the paper isnt what you expected. This also makes the choice easier for your client if they can see and touch the paper before buying.ProductionThere are a variety of different finishing techniques that can elevate your design and give it a premium feel. Letterpress invitations add dimension and texture. Currently, letterpress is a very popular option for printed pieces like invitations and involves making impressions on paper to create a raised surface out of lettering or design elements. Foil-stamping, another popular technique, is a great way to add metallic shine to your invite, and it is usually available in a variety of gold , silver, and bronze tones which can be applied to any part of the design. A great way to create an intricate feel is having edges or elements of your invitation laser-cut into lace or floral-like patterns.Finishing options like the ones listed above can be costly, but there are several less expensive ways to add interest to your invite. Simply rounding the corners of an invite can help it feel softer and more custom-made. Printing a pattern or solid color on the blank side of your invite is also a great added detail. Instead of having your invite be a flat piece of paper, you could consider a folded card for your invite. Tri-fold designs are a popular option right now, and a bonus aspect of this design is it allows extra room for other photos and graphics to be added. Folded cards can add an element of anticipation as a guest opens and unfolds the invitation, and they also work well to contain other pieces that go along with the invite, like RSVP cards and maps to the reception.As with paper stocks, talk to your printer to see what finishing options they have available and how much they cost. If youre crafty and have the time, DIY can also be an option to cut production costsâ€"foil stamping kits, corner rounders and punches, and paper scoring tools can help you achieve your desired effect without spending a lot of money.Invitation suitesOne of the best ways to make your invitations feel professional is to create a cohesive package of all the different printed pieces for the wedding that all use the same design elements. Think save the dates, envelopes, RSVP cards, reception maps, programs, menus, place cards, and thank you cards. Having all these different pieces feel cohesive is an ideal way to reinforce the wedding theme through a guests entire experience, and itll save your clients time and hassle because they wont have to design every piece separately.PackagingFinally, consider the way your invitation will be packaged and sent to a guest. To secure the c ontents of the invitation together, consider using elements like belly bands, ribbons, twine, or lace to add a handmade touch and to allow the guest to easily pull the whole stack out at once. Custom envelopes that match the design are an easy and relatively inexpensive way to package everything up, but if your budget allows, sending your invites in a small or shallow box can really make an impression. For the address labels, printing or stamping the text directly onto the envelope or package looks professional, but handwriting adds a personal touch that your guests may appreciate. To seal your envelope, design a custom sticker with the couples initials or use a wax seal. Packaging is a great opportunity to think creatively and to try the unconventional.Overall, dont be afraid to think outside of the box for the design and production of your invitationâ€"the right solution will make your invite stand out and be a beautiful reflection of the couples heart and character.

The Big Five Personality Dimensions - 905 Words

In assessment one, it is measuring an individual’s traits based on the Big Five personality dimensions. The Big five project asked a series of questions that calculated a score for each of the 5 traits; Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness and Neuroticism. At the end of this survey my results showed that on openness to experience I scored a percentile of 5. The assessment explains that lower scores tend to be display traits which of conventionalism, earthliness and a person who has narrow interest and may be uncreative. My results also showed conscientiousness, where I scored 83 which is on the higher percentile. These results displayed traits of reliability, organization, self discipline and the ability to be relied on. Thirdly, the Big Five results tested for extraversion that showed that I was placed in the higher percentile with a score of 70. The test results demonstrated that I am sociable, friendly, fun loving and talkative. Agreeableness was the next trait displayed that placed me in the 44 percentile. For this test It seems that I was in the middle percentile of being good natured, sympathetic, forgiving and very closely to the higher percentile of being critical, rude and harsh. Lastly, the neuroticism trait showed me a percentile of 80 that explained that I was high strung and generally a very anxious person. This test is used widely by psychologist to describe human personality and the reasons why some people may react differently toShow MoreRelatedThe Big Five Personality Dimensions Essay995 Words   |  4 PagesThe big five is continually being adapted has been modified to provide a better framework (DeYoung, 2015). A modern adaption to the big five personality dimensions provides â€Å"mechanistic† techniques providing more â€Å"precise definitions† of terms associated with personality and related factors (DeYoung, 2015, 54). 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The Learn team B truthfully assessed the Big Five Personality test to understand strengths and weaknesses within the team. However, each member has displayed a high regard for team goals and participation. According to each team member the results of the test wouldRead MoreThe Keirsey Temperament Sorter And The Big Five Personality Test1200 Words   |  5 Pages Personality is defined as the unique way in which each individual thinks, acts, and feels throughout life (Ciccarelli, 2014). Numerous individuals are curious in regards to their actions and how their mind works, thus leading companies to create personality tests, in order to provide individuals with some perspective on their personality. 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Currently, one of the most popular approaches among psychologists for studying personality theory is the Five-Factor Model (FFM) or Big Five dimensions of personality. This essay will explore the Big Five personality constructs and seek to explain how useful they are to understanding how people are likely to perform in a work situation. In conclusion, this essay

Phl 320 Critical Thinking and Decision Making in Business...

PHL 320 Critical Thinking and Decision Making in Business Complete Class https://homeworklance.com/downloads/phl-320-critical-thinking-decision-making-business-complete-class/ PHL 320 Week 1 Critical Thinking Discussion and Summary Participate in a class discussion by responding to the following questions: †¢ How would you define critical thinking? What makes a person a critical thinker? †¢ Why is critical thinking important? Provide an example of how critical thinking has helped you in your life. †¢ What do you expect to learn from this course? Write a paragraph summarizing the discussion. PHL 320 Week 1 Knowledge Check PHL 320 Week 2 Globalization Argumentative Paper Review the Writing Argumentative Essays†¦show more content†¦An understanding of a competitor’s position can be a key for a business to determine where funding and resources should be allotted to create new products or services. Use information in the industry profile overview and other scholarly sources as needed. The SWOT analysis should include each of the following: †¢ Strengths †¢ Weaknesses †¢ Opportunities †¢ Threats Write a 1,050- to 1,500-word paper, including the following attributes: †¢ SWOT analysis, including a SWOT chart o Identify opportunities (either product or service) that could improve the customer experience. †¢ Strategy evaluation o Define strategic tasks. o Assess the industry’s capabilities. o Identify the barriers to strategy implementation. †¢ A response to the following: o Based on the SWOT analysis and strategy evaluation, what are some creative actions the industry can pursue to include innovation as a component of their strategy? Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. PHL 320 Week 4 Re-Organization and Layoff: Solutions Paper Select two potential creative solutions for the problems you identified in the Re-organization and Layoff assignment in Week 2. Write a paper of no more than 1,050 words to present the solutions and explain why each will work. Include a summary of methods your teams utilized to develop the

SHC Free Essays

They need to investigating current regulations and laws to do with setting and running a business. In the setting the practitioners need to take all the necessary steps to ensure they are keeping the children well and safe. The early years providers need to safe guard the children, ensure the suitability of adults who have contact with the children, promote good health, manage behavior and maintain records and policies and procedures. We will write a custom essay sample on SHC or any similar topic only for you Order Now The practitioners need to be continually progress through the career and are on the track they want to be and have the confidence to do this within their place of work. The children’s development needs to be continued through out there journey with the setting. This will be done by focused observations, scrappy observations, picture, art work and tracking the children using the E. Y. F. S. There are many potential barriers to professional development that can stop the setting or the individual practitioner to do these: Time- the practitioners may find that finding time to get away to do things can be tricky. This may then put the practitioner behind in their work which will then pile up and they are falling behind within the work place. Time is a crucial factor in personal growth and development, and many individuals lack enough of it. Between ark responsibilities, childcare issues and just trying to survive on a day-to- day basis, you may find yourself lacking the hours necessary to devote to your own goals. Commitments- all the practitioners have other commitment other than work and this could mean that unless the work is done within work time they won’t do it as they won’t be taking it home to do. Attitude -A negative attitude is a major factor in this area. If you start out with the belief that positive development is unlikely to occur, then no matter how hard you work on it, your belief will sabotage any efforts you may make. Peers- Peers also can complicate our efforts to improve ourselves. Peers often try to sabotage our goals, either consciously or unconsciously. They degrade our efforts toward growth because those efforts remind them of the growth they could be pursuing but have chosen to forgo. Failure to Plan- Lack of proper planning and preparation can lead to haphazard attempts to fulfill goals -? a recipe for wasted energy and efforts. If you are trying to break a habit, start a new career or glean insights into your thought processes, be sure to have at least a rudimentary plan to reach these goals. Http://www. Owe. Com/I development. HTML 05. 04. 2014 There are many different sources and systems of support for professional development within the work place. They are Inductions, appraisals and development plans, in-house training colleges and training organizations Inductions- on an induction this is to get to know everything you may need to know about the setting. This will be the opportunity to find out who works within the setting. On the induction you will be given all the policies and procedures and will be given a tour of the setting you will sign various forms ND given various information. Inductions are very informative and give the practitioners positive information and make them feel welcome within the setting. Appraisals- The main purpose of appraisal is to give the appraise the opportunity to reflect on their work and learning needs in order to improve their performance. This can be achieved through discussing their development and feedback on their job performance in a way that is constructive and motivational. It should result in an effective personal development plan. So lesson one is not to spend 95% of the time available rely reviewing past performance and lesson two is to involve the appraise fully in the discussion so that they can get the maximum benefit from it. The staff member should also be aware that they can raise any issues that they may have throughout all the year. Appraisals are very good as they give the practitioner time to raise their voice to any issues they may have. They could also make the practitioners feel it’s all one side and there manager is making it feel like that. Personal development plans- In the process, staff members also set personal placement goals that will increase their ability to contribute to the success Of your organization. The accomplishment of these goals also provides a foundation for their career success whether in your organization or elsewhere, so they ought to be motivated and excited about achieving this goal. Your system of Performance Management, with the PDP process for goal setting and communication, will ensure that you are developing a superior workforce. PDP meetings are held, at least, quarterly to review the staff person’s progress on the overall goals and objectives. Your staff person’s progress on the action plans that result from the PDP goals is reviewed at your weekly one-on-one meeting. This weekly meeting allows you to offer assistance and to identify any help or tools the staff person needs to succeed. This can be good for the practitioner as it can set them target to set them across they year they. Will be set either at the appraisals or the practitioner will do them on their own. The setting will then provide as much support to the individual to achieve their goals. Http://humorousness. About. Com/CSS/ prearrangement/a/PDP. Tm 05. 4. 2014 In-house training colleges and training organizations- This gives practitioners the opportunity to do any training courses within their setting and gives them the help and support within their training opportunities. This can be good for the individual as they are achieving and moving further on with their career while still working and enjoying their job. There are lots of factors to consider when selecting opportunities and activities for keeping knowledge and practice up to date. They can be the individual strengths and weakness if there interested, financial factors, raining. The individual can discuss this within their supervision/ appraisals and they can look at what training they want to do. They can also look at their goals they have set and see if there manageable and achievable within their setting. They need to consider their strengths and weakness and if they are up to do their goals they have set. Financial factors- The setting needs to be able to work out cost for all the training opportunities so that it is split fairly and all staff within the setting get to achieve their goals. They also need to aka sure what they are paying for they are getting so it has to be Cost effective. Look at the individual – do they need the training, how best to give the training , Is the training the individual wants to do is it accredited does it apply to the job is it appropriate. Reflective practice is a way of studying your own experiences to improve the way you work. The act of reflection is a great way to increase confidence and become a more proactive and qualified professional. Engaging in reflective practice should help to improve the quality of care you give and close the gap twine theory and practice. How to cite SHC, Papers

Comptencies, Scope of Practice in Disasters Aust free essay sample

It will give emphasis to four main proficiencies those being nursing competencies, expanded scope of practice, ethical practice and the ability to respond in disasters. The emphasis of this assignment will commence with the issue of nursing competencies within a disaster region and will define what a nursing competency actually is. It will also describe some nursing competencies that have been set in order to ensure that an international nursing workforce is ready, willing and able to respond in the case of a disaster. Following on from the issue of nursing competencies is that of a nurses extended scope of practice when working in a disaster hit local. It illustrates how the nursing role not only develops into a managerial role but also how there is a necessity for further education and training specific to that of disaster management in order to ensure there is a readily available workforce to respond to a disaster situation. The next nursing competency to be brought to the forefront is that of ethical practice which demonstrates how there is a code of practice that nurses follow and outlines that if nurses are having to practice in a disaster region they may be confronted with both challenging and ethical decision that need to be made. It will also establish the numerous elements that a nurse will be face with when choosing to practice ethically in the face of adversity along with the legal and accountability issues that these nurses are to endeavour. The final competency to be brought into focus is that of the ability to respond to a disaster. This sub-topic will concentrate on the disaster management continuum at take a glimpse at prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery phases of the continuum. Competencies The International Council of Nurses (ICN) (2006) has worked tirelessly for more than 100 years to bring nurses and nursing to the forefront of the healthcare profession worldwide and has ensured that quality nursing care and education has been implemented and maintained on an international level. The ICN also illustrate how the skills that nurses possess can not only assist in developing disaster preparedness programs but also when responding to an actual disaster. Birnbaum (2002) describes that until recent times, core competencies for nurses working in disaster zones were unheard of but with the dramatic increase of disasters occurring, the situation is predicted to continually worsen in the years to follow it is important now more than ever before to formulate and implement competencies which nurses must abide by in disasters. Some factors that are said to contribute to the ver increasing disasters are climate change, increased building in disaster prone areas, unplanned urban growth, natural barrier loss, lack of warning systems and also the lack of system’s ability to move populations from disaster to safe areas. The Hyogo Framework for Action (2005) was adopted by 168 countries in 2005 and is a 10 year blueprint for the reduction of disaster. The goal of this fra mework is not only to reduce the number of lives lost as a result of various disasters but also to reduce the economic, social and environmental losses to communities. Nurses and midwives are viewed by WHO (2007) as being essential in response to a disaster, but also notes that the lack of training provided for dealing with disasters as a major flaw in the disaster and emergency response worldwide. Therefore, it is essential that all nurses and midwives are trained in disaster nursing and meet these competencies just like any other competencies they are required to meet, in order to be effective when disaster strikes. Geebie and Qureshi (2002) explain how they believe that disaster nursing requires individuals to use their nursing knowledge and skills in difficult situations with limited resources and ever changing conditions. During these difficult times it is essential that nurses can adapt their practice to be disaster specific in order to minimise life-threatening damage and health hazards caused by the disaster. Jennings-Sanders, Frisch amp; Wing (2005) demonstrate that nurses, other healthcare professionals, emergency services, and both non-governmental and governmental organizations must work in collaboration during these situations in order for the best outcome to prevail. It is essential in a disaster situation that nurses involved in the care of patients must be able to shift their focus from one patient too many patients, as the operational focus of the disaster changes from that of initially life-saving and emergency response to that of public health and hazard prevention. It is essential for nurses to realise that no matter where the disaster that they are expected to work within the parameters of law for the particular nation, region or state that they are working. Seda (2002) defines nursing competence as the demonstration and applicable application of a nursing knowledge, skills, and judgement at an above average level. This definition of nursing competence can be used to underpin both the generalist nursing competencies and the disaster nursing competencies by the ICN. Due to the varying complexities and array of disasters nurses are often faced with, Wynd (2006) elucidates that there is an essential need for a common set of competencies to be formulated, which will assist nursing staff to work internationally, in a variety of settings with both other nurses and healthcare professionals from all over the world. The competencies listed below will ensure that there is a global nursing workforce ready, willing and most important able to respond in the event of a disaster:- 1. Create more consistency in the care given; 2. Build confidence; 3. Promote shared aims; 4. Assist nurses in their attempts to function as a successful member of the multidisciplinary team; 5. Assist nurses with their attempts to function effectively within the organisational structure; 6. Allow for a more unified approach; 7. Facilitate and more professional approach; 8. Facilitate communication; and 9. Facilitate the global deployment of nurses when disaster strikes. Hyrd (1995) believes that competencies facilitate the support, learning and assessment of nurses and will be able to serve as a guide for the curriculum development and ongoing education and training programmes and the establishment of competencies for nurses in the disaster settings. They are also used when creating position descriptions, but most importantly they allow the individual nurse practitioner to evaluate their own knowledge, skills and ability. It is these competencies that allow each individual to make decisions with regards to the appropriateness of their work assignments and any additional education they will need. Expanded Scope of Practice Davies and Moran (2005) illustrate how nurses fill varying roles throughout the continuum of disaster management although their roles are most often associated with life preservation and health maintenance within the response phase of a disaster. However, they also eluded that the nursing role in a disaster is indispensable and as varied as nurses are not used just in the initial response phase, but are used from preparedness for a disaster right through the continuum to long-term recovery from a disaster. Birnbaum (2002) depicts that nurses undeniably play a key role in disaster and crisis situations. Nurses have been shown throughout history to be at the forefront of those called upon for help when disaster strikes. Nursing staff are required in these crisis situations due to the skill that they possess such as care giving skills, leadership and adaptability plus a wide range of other skill which can be implemented in a variety of crises. It is shown by Davies and Moran (2005) that it is important that disaster response teams need to include an educated healthcare workforce which are able to respond quickly in times of crisis and be able to work in all areas of the disaster continuum. The scope of practice for nurses in Australia is legislated and has professional standards set as competency standards, codes of ethics, conduct and practice. A nurses scope of practice can be affected by numerous items including the context in which the practice, the health requirements of the patients, the nurses level of competence and experience, the policy, quality and risk management of the organisation plus education and qualifications. Jennings-Saunders (2004) illustrates that up until recently Australia like many other countries have had a laze fair attitude to that of education for disaster nursing. Minimal if any education in disaster nursing is taught at universities for undergraduates, with relatively new post graduate courses offered in disaster nursing which is obviously optional if an individual show a particular interest in this area of study. Amazingly, Weiner, Irwin, Trangenstein amp; Gordon (2005) illustrate how in the United States of America education in disaster nursing had been part of the nursing curriculum until the early 1970’s and although it was very limited it did cover the basics of disasters and the nursing role. It was phased out and not until the late 1990’s that disaster preparedness was also added into the curriculum and as the impact of both natural and man-made disasters has started to affect an increased population the content covered has increased accordingly. Mosca, Sweeney and Brenner (2005) describe how globally, education in disaster nursing has unfortunately been very similar to that of the USA and with the ever increasing curriculum demands for nurses and the under developed competencies in disaster nursing causing education in this field to be sparse at best. As a result of the lack of education and under developed competencies in this area of nursing there is a workforce that is greatly unprepared with minimal or no competency in disaster nursing. Ethical Practice Deeny, Davies, Gillespie and Spencer (2007) illustrate how nurses are expected to practice within a code of ethics which emphasises the respect of human rights and sensitivity to values and customs, dignity, fairness and justice. It is important to remember when nurses are tested with having to practice in a disaster they are confronted with challenging and ethical decisions in the face of limited available resources. Smith (2007) explains how in times of disasters, nurses are often faced with making decisions for the greater good of the community rather than that of individuals. This can often be a difficult process, as nurses are trained to be a patient advocate and strive for the best for each individual patient rather than the provision of optimal health services at a community level. Chapman and Arbon (2008) Nurses, who work internationally at times of crisis, are confronted with the culture and values of the community they are working in and must exhibit the upmost respect within the norms of that culture. It is essential for nurses not be become so involved in the mechanics of the disaster response so that they ignore the respect, dignity and cultural norms of the community affected by disaster. There are numerous elements a nurse must contend with as elucidated by Qureshi et. al. 2005) if they are to practice ethically when faced with adversity, firstly the collaboration with others in order to identify and address ethical challenges they will or are being faced with. Secondly, the protection of the rights, values and dignity of both individuals and communities, followed by the assurance of practicing within the cultural, social and spiritual beliefs of the individuals and communities. Next, maintaining confidentiality in both communication and documentation i s a disaster situation is another essential role in ethical nursing. Another element of practicing ethically is being able to understand ones one personal belief’s and how those beliefs can impact on the disaster response. The final element of ethical practice when nursing in disasters is being able to describe how security issues and ethics may clash. The ethical practice of disaster nursing is shown by Chapman and Arbon (2007) can branch out into the legal issues faced by nurses practicing in disaster zones most importantly is to ensure that you practice in accordance with all applicable laws in the regional, state, nation and of course internationally. Another legal issue faced by nurses practicing in disaster areas is the understanding of how laws and regulations which are actually specific to disasters can impact on nursing practices and disaster survivors. Smith (2007) shows, that the next legal issue facing nurses practicing in disaster areas is the recognition of the legal role of public health in order to protect the community. Also, it is essential for nurses to understand the legal implications of disasters and emergency events. Finally it is essential for nurses practicing in disaster regions to be able o describe the legal and regulatory issues facing them including working as a volunteer, the roles and responsibilities of volunteers, the abandonments of patients, the adaption of standards of care, the role and responsibilities to an employer and delegation. Perry (2007) illustrates another divergence from that of ethical issues facing disaster nursing is that of accountability. It is essential that when nursing in disaster regions you accept accountability and responsibility for you own actions along with the ability to delegate to others in order to follow all applicable laws and regulations in a disaster setting. Also essential in the disaster setting is the ability to identify your own limits in terms of knowledge, skills and abilities and ensure that you practice in accordance with them. Another accountability which faces those nursing in disaster is to ensure that you practice in accordance with the law and regulations governing nurses and their nursing practice. The final accountability is probably seen by nurses as the most important and that is being the advocate for the provision of safe and appropriate care for our patients. Ability to Respond http://www. polity. org. za/polity/govdocs/green_papers/disaster/gpdm2-3. html WHO (1999) describes Figure 1 the disaster management continuum as a continuous process which was calculated in order to lessen harm to populations, infrastructure and development struck by disasters and ensure community resilience is built. The phases of a disaster are not sequential and can overlap and simultaneously occur along with the length of each phase varying.