Types of Communication

Sorts of Communication Presentation The subject investigated is the various kinds of correspondence and their significance in the instructing condition. There are four principle sorts of correspondence: verbal, non-verbal, composed and visual. Each of these have there own method of giving data starting with one individual then onto the next. They each have there own preferences and hindrances. The report takes a gander at every one thus and takes a gander at ways poor correspondence can make obstruction learning. Verbal correspondence is a method of communicating wth words and getting the right message over. It very well may be verbally expressed words either up close and personal or visiting on the phone. It is imperative to set the correct tone and pace and utilize basic words and less Jargon. The selection of words would likewise should be considered as there might be students for whom English would be their subsequent language. In another word use KISS (Keep it Short and Simple). When imparting verbally it is critical to utilize basic language and not to utilize Jargon. It would be best practice to back up the exercises with Visual guides and presents for referencing. Present point in a consistent request to maintain a strategic distance from equivocalness and summerise key point regulary. Continuously give construcive criticism and permit the students to pose inquiry to affirm their comprehension. When utilizing verbal Communication make sure to utilize KISS. Favorable circumstances Ready to explain and pose inquiries straight away Ready to be adaptable and versatile as indicated by the crowd Ready to check if the messages had been comprehended Manufacture an affinity with students, use humor. Inconveniences Tone and non-verbal communication can give an inappropriate message The guidance can bring about misconception and off base reactions if seriously introduced. Leaners may have various implications for various words On the off chance that no notes are taken, at that point might be hard to recollect Non-Verbal Communication is the utilization of non-verbal communication, outward appearance, and hand development to pass on the message over. As an instructor, you ought to know about your non-verbal communication, of your dress, the language utilized, as each of these are seen by your students. Different zones that an educator would should know like creation eye to eye connection and tending to every one of the students. Likewise need to watch their outward appearance to perceive how they are respond. The educator ought to know about his/her stance, signals and body contact. The educator would should be situated so they are obvious to all students, If the instructor is remained behind a work area, it can cause a gap. By focusing on these ascribes empowers the educator to send clear positive vibes to the students and for the students to have a sense of security and agreeable. The following is a graph with some nonverbal approaches to convey. Focal points: ready to impart something that you dont need other to hear The discussion can be short and brief Capable you to impart in places where you should be quiet. Detriments You can't have meaningful discussion. Hard to comprehend and requires numerous reiterations. Composed correspondence can be in types of messages, freebees, introductions slides, manuals, and overhead projectors and so on. It is another method of imparting to your students utilizing visual guides. When making composed documentation, it is best practice to keep the composed documentation brief and exact. Ensuring that no language, slang or shortened form is being utilized. The wriiten documkentation must be spellchecked and edited to check whether anything can be misinterrpreted. A great deal of universities and unversities utilize a focal database or Intranets to put their presents and notes. Despite how the data is shown it despite everything should be elegantly composed and the crowd needs to considered. Favorable circumstances. Useful for directions and crucial data There is a lesser possibility for the message to be misjudged. It is a decent reference in the event that you have to return to it. Inconveniences Not close to home. Students will in general neglect to understand them. There is nobody to ask prompt. Hard to connect with a tone so can be confounded eg messages. Hindrances to Learning, because of poor correspondence. To dodge hindrances to realizing when utilizing verbal and non-verbal correspondence the educators would need to think about numerous variables. They would need to have information and comprehension of decent variety and social contrasts. In certain societies, looking can be viewed as inconsiderate or hostile. They would need to think about the crowd for example age, inability, religion, learning troubles. Their own non-verbal communication would need to open and welcoming. Utilizing a basic language jargon would suit all degrees of education students. Building up their degree of the base center would empower the educator to pitch at the correct level for instance not requesting that the class do investigate on the PC in the event that they have never utilized one. A large portion of the boundaries can be overwhelmed by the instructor, in the event that they are responsive to the students needs. End Educator Albert Mehrabian has spearheaded the comprehension of interchanges since the 1960s. His exploration gave the premise to the adequacy of spoken interchanges. Here is an increasingly exact (and essentially itemized) portrayal of Mehrabians discoveries than is commonly refered to or applied: 7% of message relating to sentiments and perspectives is in the words that are expressed. 38% of message relating to sentiments and perspectives is paralinguistic (how the words are said). 55% of message relating to sentiments and mentalities is in outward appearance. (Mehrabian) As the platitude goes, activity expresses stronger than words. In the event that we are continually mindful of the signs, we convey and on the off chance that it is done in a positive, agreeable, and reasonable path then there is no motivation behind why an educator and student can't impart in a fruitful manner References Petty.G (Forth release) Teaching Today: Communication squares, p40 to p41 Gravells, A, Simpson, S, (2008) Planning and Enabling Learning: Communication p71-p87 Site addresses: http://www.cehjournal.org/download/ceh_13_35_044.pdf http://communicatebetter.blogspot.com/2009/03/reasons for miscommunication-in-daily.html http://ukpmc.ac.uk/articlerender.cgi?artid=952211 http://www.uk-student.net/modules/wfsection/article.php?articleid=120 http://www.businessballs.com/mehrabiancommunications.htm http://honolulu.hawaii.edu/intranet/advisory groups/FacDevCom/guidebk/teachtip/teachtip.htm#communication

ROLE OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION IN MANAGEMENT Essay

Job OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION IN MANAGEMENT - Essay Example Administrative correspondence is a type of correspondence that happens in any working environment setting, either among chiefs and representatives or between assignments of various organizations. Viable administrative correspondence helps an organization in the accomplishment of objectives and destinations. A portion of the principle advantages of powerful administrative correspondence incorporate convenient correspondence between offices, improved and progressively effective business forms, improved dynamic, improved degree of comprehension among administrators and representatives, and improved working connections. In this paper, we will talk about the job of powerful correspondence in the executives. The paper will likewise remember a conversation for the obstructions in compelling correspondence and the approaches to defeat those hindrances. Standards of Effective Business Communication There are some key standards of powerful correspondence that make the procedure of business cor respondence fruitful and result-arranged. Those standards incorporate beginning the correspondence procedure in a cordial way, indicating enthusiasm for one another, giving true gratefulness to different gatherings associated with correspondence, defeating obstructions to correspondence, offering an incentive to the perspectives of one another, utilizing fitting non-verbal communication, and giving moment criticism. The procedure of correspondence should happen in a well disposed condition. Additionally, there ought to be lucidity in the messages and the tone of correspondence ought to be pleasant with the goal that others partaking in correspondence ought to comprehend the worries of one another without any problem. Another significant thing is that all members should show enthusiasm for knowing the perspective of one another so as to make an aware and quiet condition for correspondence. The members should show and give due regard to one another on the grounds that effective busine ss interchanges happen just when all gatherings show enthusiasm for one another and esteem the inputs and perspectives of others. Nobody should show any sort of demeanor or disrespect since it makes others awkward. Next, there ought to be no obstructions to correspondence since hindrances antagonistically influence the general procedure of correspondence. Criticism is one of the most significant standards of compelling administrative or business correspondence is constant input. Criticism makes the correspondence procedure significant and compelling. All members of the correspondence procedure ought to give moment input to the perspectives and worries of others since it enables the members to acquire certainty and comprehension of the issue. Best Practices for Effective Communication Along with the standards of powerful correspondence in the board, chiefs and workers additionally need to concentrate on some viable correspondence rehearses so as to make the correspondence procedure f ruitful. The two supervisors and representatives should have the option to discuss adequately with one another at the work environment on the grounds that insufficient correspondence, awful demeanor, and individual and business related clashes and misconceptions can influence the correspondence procedure and can make numerous issues for workers, just as for the organization. Comfort, opportunity of articulation, and convenient correspondence are those components of correspondence that assume a significant job in successful working environment and administrative level correspondence (Means, 2010, p. 45). Comfort From administrative correspondence viewpoint, supervisors and emp

How to Create an Elegant Wedding Invitation

How to Create an Elegant Wedding Invitation As a designer, wedding invitations are some of the most fun projects I get to work on. Theres something incredible about creating something thats one-of-a-kind and tailor-made to a couples personalities and styleâ€"not to mention that the invite itself becomes a keepsake for the couple even after the wedding is over.Because of the creative freedom that wedding invitations allow, its easy to get overwhelmed by all the style and production choices. Whether youre a designer working for a client or youre creating invitations for your own wedding, here are a few tips that can help take your invitations to the next level and create a polished, beautiful visual experience for guests. While making creative choices for your invitation, its important to keep in mind the style of the wedding and personalities of the couple in order to design something that truly represents them and feels appropriate for the event. This can be a great source of inspiration for you as you begin designing. Its als o important to consider a couples budget before beginning so you dont present them with options they cant afford. With a little creative thinking, distinct and beautiful invitations can be created on any budget.SizeOne thing that can help your invitation stand out is considering a unique size for your invitation. While a standard 5x7 invite feels traditional and formal, a different proportion can create a custom feel. A smaller invite has an intimate feel, while a larger one can feel grandiose. Play with the proportions and orientation as wellâ€"try a tall and skinny shape or flip the invite to be landscape instead of portrait. Another option to consider is a square, circular, or die-cut shaped invite. However, keep practicality in mindâ€"too small and your invite might not have enough room for legible information, and too large or uniquely-shaped and it might be challenging or expensive to package.TypographyWhen choosing the typeface for your invitation, think about how formal you want the invitation to appear and the overall impression you want guests to get from the invitation. Using a formal script font for the names of the couple is a great way to make the invite traditional and elegant. These fonts generally use thinner and more intricate strokes, and they work well with ornate graphics and imagery. Casual script fonts more closely resemble actual handwriting and can give a personal, laid-back appearance to your invite. Their heavier brushstrokes make them more modern-looking than formal scripts.Serif fonts also feel traditional and classic, and when printed are some of the most easy-to-read typefaces, making them ideal for the supporting body copy on your invite and invitation materials. Sans serifs feel modern, clean, and classy, and they work great both for headers and body copy.When choosing font pairings, its best to stick with fonts that contrast with each other to create a sense of balance and harmony. Avoid using scripts for anything except title s and headers, as these can be difficult to read at small sizes.If youre on a budget, it can be difficult to find quality typefaces for free or little cost, so below Ive outlined a few good choices that are completely free to use. Font Squirrel is a great resource to find quality fonts for free.Heres some free fonts that would look great in a wedding invitation.Unique imageryTo make an invite truly feel like it was custom-designed, consider creating custom visual elements or illustrations. This will make the invite feel personal and considered, and your client will probably appreciate the extra touch. A custom or unique illustration avoids making the invite look like it was created from a pre-designed template.If youre not an illustrator, another route is finding quality illustrations that you can repurpose to create a one-of-a-kind invite. The Graphics Fairy is a great online resource for free, public domain images including flourishes, floral accents, and page dividers. Or, consid er creating minimal, geometric graphic elements for a polished and clean look which pairs great with a sans serif font.Paper stockThere are lots of options when it comes to choosing the type of paper you print your invites on, even if youre on a budget. Paper with a matte finish feels classic and minimal, while textured paper can elevate your design and has a more artistic, handmade feel. Shimmer paper or other types of lustrous, semi-gloss papers create an upscale and luminous feel. Cotton or fabric-based papers are warm and approachable. Thinner paper stocks feel delicate, while thicker stocks feel substantial and considered.Along with weight choices, paper stock also comes in different variations of white and ivory. A bright white paper feels fresh and modern, while ivory or off-white feels traditional and antique. You could also use brown kraft paper for a rustic vibe or colored cardstock for a fun pop of color. Overlaying your invite with a translucent vellum paper is an easy w ay to create both elegance and visual interest.If youre not sure how a certain paper will look or feel, dont hesitate to ask your printer to send you paper samplesâ€"many common printing sites online offer this option for free on their websites. Making guesses about a paper stock without samples or a physical proof can lead to extra costs and time spent if the paper isnt what you expected. This also makes the choice easier for your client if they can see and touch the paper before buying.ProductionThere are a variety of different finishing techniques that can elevate your design and give it a premium feel. Letterpress invitations add dimension and texture. Currently, letterpress is a very popular option for printed pieces like invitations and involves making impressions on paper to create a raised surface out of lettering or design elements. Foil-stamping, another popular technique, is a great way to add metallic shine to your invite, and it is usually available in a variety of gold , silver, and bronze tones which can be applied to any part of the design. A great way to create an intricate feel is having edges or elements of your invitation laser-cut into lace or floral-like patterns.Finishing options like the ones listed above can be costly, but there are several less expensive ways to add interest to your invite. Simply rounding the corners of an invite can help it feel softer and more custom-made. Printing a pattern or solid color on the blank side of your invite is also a great added detail. Instead of having your invite be a flat piece of paper, you could consider a folded card for your invite. Tri-fold designs are a popular option right now, and a bonus aspect of this design is it allows extra room for other photos and graphics to be added. Folded cards can add an element of anticipation as a guest opens and unfolds the invitation, and they also work well to contain other pieces that go along with the invite, like RSVP cards and maps to the reception.As with paper stocks, talk to your printer to see what finishing options they have available and how much they cost. If youre crafty and have the time, DIY can also be an option to cut production costsâ€"foil stamping kits, corner rounders and punches, and paper scoring tools can help you achieve your desired effect without spending a lot of money.Invitation suitesOne of the best ways to make your invitations feel professional is to create a cohesive package of all the different printed pieces for the wedding that all use the same design elements. Think save the dates, envelopes, RSVP cards, reception maps, programs, menus, place cards, and thank you cards. Having all these different pieces feel cohesive is an ideal way to reinforce the wedding theme through a guests entire experience, and itll save your clients time and hassle because they wont have to design every piece separately.PackagingFinally, consider the way your invitation will be packaged and sent to a guest. To secure the c ontents of the invitation together, consider using elements like belly bands, ribbons, twine, or lace to add a handmade touch and to allow the guest to easily pull the whole stack out at once. Custom envelopes that match the design are an easy and relatively inexpensive way to package everything up, but if your budget allows, sending your invites in a small or shallow box can really make an impression. For the address labels, printing or stamping the text directly onto the envelope or package looks professional, but handwriting adds a personal touch that your guests may appreciate. To seal your envelope, design a custom sticker with the couples initials or use a wax seal. Packaging is a great opportunity to think creatively and to try the unconventional.Overall, dont be afraid to think outside of the box for the design and production of your invitationâ€"the right solution will make your invite stand out and be a beautiful reflection of the couples heart and character.

The Big Five Personality Dimensions - 905 Words

In assessment one, it is measuring an individual’s traits based on the Big Five personality dimensions. The Big five project asked a series of questions that calculated a score for each of the 5 traits; Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness and Neuroticism. At the end of this survey my results showed that on openness to experience I scored a percentile of 5. The assessment explains that lower scores tend to be display traits which of conventionalism, earthliness and a person who has narrow interest and may be uncreative. My results also showed conscientiousness, where I scored 83 which is on the higher percentile. These results displayed traits of reliability, organization, self discipline and the ability to be relied on. Thirdly, the Big Five results tested for extraversion that showed that I was placed in the higher percentile with a score of 70. The test results demonstrated that I am sociable, friendly, fun loving and talkative. Agreeableness was the next trait displayed that placed me in the 44 percentile. For this test It seems that I was in the middle percentile of being good natured, sympathetic, forgiving and very closely to the higher percentile of being critical, rude and harsh. Lastly, the neuroticism trait showed me a percentile of 80 that explained that I was high strung and generally a very anxious person. This test is used widely by psychologist to describe human personality and the reasons why some people may react differently toShow MoreRelatedThe Big Five Personality Dimensions Essay995 Words   |  4 PagesThe big five is continually being adapted has been modified to provide a better framework (DeYoung, 2015). A modern adaption to the big five personality dimensions provides â€Å"mechanistic† techniques providing more â€Å"precise definitions† of terms associated with personality and related factors (DeYoung, 2015, 54). 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The Learn team B truthfully assessed the Big Five Personality test to understand strengths and weaknesses within the team. However, each member has displayed a high regard for team goals and participation. According to each team member the results of the test wouldRead MoreThe Keirsey Temperament Sorter And The Big Five Personality Test1200 Words   |  5 Pages Personality is defined as the unique way in which each individual thinks, acts, and feels throughout life (Ciccarelli, 2014). Numerous individuals are curious in regards to their actions and how their mind works, thus leading companies to create personality tests, in order to provide individuals with some perspective on their personality. 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Currently, one of the most popular approaches among psychologists for studying personality theory is the Five-Factor Model (FFM) or Big Five dimensions of personality. This essay will explore the Big Five personality constructs and seek to explain how useful they are to understanding how people are likely to perform in a work situation. In conclusion, this essay

Phl 320 Critical Thinking and Decision Making in Business...

PHL 320 Critical Thinking and Decision Making in Business Complete Class https://homeworklance.com/downloads/phl-320-critical-thinking-decision-making-business-complete-class/ PHL 320 Week 1 Critical Thinking Discussion and Summary Participate in a class discussion by responding to the following questions: †¢ How would you define critical thinking? What makes a person a critical thinker? †¢ Why is critical thinking important? Provide an example of how critical thinking has helped you in your life. †¢ What do you expect to learn from this course? Write a paragraph summarizing the discussion. PHL 320 Week 1 Knowledge Check PHL 320 Week 2 Globalization Argumentative Paper Review the Writing Argumentative Essays†¦show more content†¦An understanding of a competitor’s position can be a key for a business to determine where funding and resources should be allotted to create new products or services. Use information in the industry profile overview and other scholarly sources as needed. The SWOT analysis should include each of the following: †¢ Strengths †¢ Weaknesses †¢ Opportunities †¢ Threats Write a 1,050- to 1,500-word paper, including the following attributes: †¢ SWOT analysis, including a SWOT chart o Identify opportunities (either product or service) that could improve the customer experience. †¢ Strategy evaluation o Define strategic tasks. o Assess the industry’s capabilities. o Identify the barriers to strategy implementation. †¢ A response to the following: o Based on the SWOT analysis and strategy evaluation, what are some creative actions the industry can pursue to include innovation as a component of their strategy? Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. PHL 320 Week 4 Re-Organization and Layoff: Solutions Paper Select two potential creative solutions for the problems you identified in the Re-organization and Layoff assignment in Week 2. Write a paper of no more than 1,050 words to present the solutions and explain why each will work. Include a summary of methods your teams utilized to develop the

SHC Free Essays

They need to investigating current regulations and laws to do with setting and running a business. In the setting the practitioners need to take all the necessary steps to ensure they are keeping the children well and safe. The early years providers need to safe guard the children, ensure the suitability of adults who have contact with the children, promote good health, manage behavior and maintain records and policies and procedures. We will write a custom essay sample on SHC or any similar topic only for you Order Now The practitioners need to be continually progress through the career and are on the track they want to be and have the confidence to do this within their place of work. The children’s development needs to be continued through out there journey with the setting. This will be done by focused observations, scrappy observations, picture, art work and tracking the children using the E. Y. F. S. There are many potential barriers to professional development that can stop the setting or the individual practitioner to do these: Time- the practitioners may find that finding time to get away to do things can be tricky. This may then put the practitioner behind in their work which will then pile up and they are falling behind within the work place. Time is a crucial factor in personal growth and development, and many individuals lack enough of it. Between ark responsibilities, childcare issues and just trying to survive on a day-to- day basis, you may find yourself lacking the hours necessary to devote to your own goals. Commitments- all the practitioners have other commitment other than work and this could mean that unless the work is done within work time they won’t do it as they won’t be taking it home to do. Attitude -A negative attitude is a major factor in this area. If you start out with the belief that positive development is unlikely to occur, then no matter how hard you work on it, your belief will sabotage any efforts you may make. Peers- Peers also can complicate our efforts to improve ourselves. Peers often try to sabotage our goals, either consciously or unconsciously. They degrade our efforts toward growth because those efforts remind them of the growth they could be pursuing but have chosen to forgo. Failure to Plan- Lack of proper planning and preparation can lead to haphazard attempts to fulfill goals -? a recipe for wasted energy and efforts. If you are trying to break a habit, start a new career or glean insights into your thought processes, be sure to have at least a rudimentary plan to reach these goals. Http://www. Owe. Com/I development. HTML 05. 04. 2014 There are many different sources and systems of support for professional development within the work place. They are Inductions, appraisals and development plans, in-house training colleges and training organizations Inductions- on an induction this is to get to know everything you may need to know about the setting. This will be the opportunity to find out who works within the setting. On the induction you will be given all the policies and procedures and will be given a tour of the setting you will sign various forms ND given various information. Inductions are very informative and give the practitioners positive information and make them feel welcome within the setting. Appraisals- The main purpose of appraisal is to give the appraise the opportunity to reflect on their work and learning needs in order to improve their performance. This can be achieved through discussing their development and feedback on their job performance in a way that is constructive and motivational. It should result in an effective personal development plan. So lesson one is not to spend 95% of the time available rely reviewing past performance and lesson two is to involve the appraise fully in the discussion so that they can get the maximum benefit from it. The staff member should also be aware that they can raise any issues that they may have throughout all the year. Appraisals are very good as they give the practitioner time to raise their voice to any issues they may have. They could also make the practitioners feel it’s all one side and there manager is making it feel like that. Personal development plans- In the process, staff members also set personal placement goals that will increase their ability to contribute to the success Of your organization. The accomplishment of these goals also provides a foundation for their career success whether in your organization or elsewhere, so they ought to be motivated and excited about achieving this goal. Your system of Performance Management, with the PDP process for goal setting and communication, will ensure that you are developing a superior workforce. PDP meetings are held, at least, quarterly to review the staff person’s progress on the overall goals and objectives. Your staff person’s progress on the action plans that result from the PDP goals is reviewed at your weekly one-on-one meeting. This weekly meeting allows you to offer assistance and to identify any help or tools the staff person needs to succeed. This can be good for the practitioner as it can set them target to set them across they year they. Will be set either at the appraisals or the practitioner will do them on their own. The setting will then provide as much support to the individual to achieve their goals. Http://humorousness. About. Com/CSS/ prearrangement/a/PDP. Tm 05. 4. 2014 In-house training colleges and training organizations- This gives practitioners the opportunity to do any training courses within their setting and gives them the help and support within their training opportunities. This can be good for the individual as they are achieving and moving further on with their career while still working and enjoying their job. There are lots of factors to consider when selecting opportunities and activities for keeping knowledge and practice up to date. They can be the individual strengths and weakness if there interested, financial factors, raining. The individual can discuss this within their supervision/ appraisals and they can look at what training they want to do. They can also look at their goals they have set and see if there manageable and achievable within their setting. They need to consider their strengths and weakness and if they are up to do their goals they have set. Financial factors- The setting needs to be able to work out cost for all the training opportunities so that it is split fairly and all staff within the setting get to achieve their goals. They also need to aka sure what they are paying for they are getting so it has to be Cost effective. Look at the individual – do they need the training, how best to give the training , Is the training the individual wants to do is it accredited does it apply to the job is it appropriate. Reflective practice is a way of studying your own experiences to improve the way you work. The act of reflection is a great way to increase confidence and become a more proactive and qualified professional. Engaging in reflective practice should help to improve the quality of care you give and close the gap twine theory and practice. How to cite SHC, Papers

Comptencies, Scope of Practice in Disasters Aust free essay sample

It will give emphasis to four main proficiencies those being nursing competencies, expanded scope of practice, ethical practice and the ability to respond in disasters. The emphasis of this assignment will commence with the issue of nursing competencies within a disaster region and will define what a nursing competency actually is. It will also describe some nursing competencies that have been set in order to ensure that an international nursing workforce is ready, willing and able to respond in the case of a disaster. Following on from the issue of nursing competencies is that of a nurses extended scope of practice when working in a disaster hit local. It illustrates how the nursing role not only develops into a managerial role but also how there is a necessity for further education and training specific to that of disaster management in order to ensure there is a readily available workforce to respond to a disaster situation. The next nursing competency to be brought to the forefront is that of ethical practice which demonstrates how there is a code of practice that nurses follow and outlines that if nurses are having to practice in a disaster region they may be confronted with both challenging and ethical decision that need to be made. It will also establish the numerous elements that a nurse will be face with when choosing to practice ethically in the face of adversity along with the legal and accountability issues that these nurses are to endeavour. The final competency to be brought into focus is that of the ability to respond to a disaster. This sub-topic will concentrate on the disaster management continuum at take a glimpse at prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery phases of the continuum. Competencies The International Council of Nurses (ICN) (2006) has worked tirelessly for more than 100 years to bring nurses and nursing to the forefront of the healthcare profession worldwide and has ensured that quality nursing care and education has been implemented and maintained on an international level. The ICN also illustrate how the skills that nurses possess can not only assist in developing disaster preparedness programs but also when responding to an actual disaster. Birnbaum (2002) describes that until recent times, core competencies for nurses working in disaster zones were unheard of but with the dramatic increase of disasters occurring, the situation is predicted to continually worsen in the years to follow it is important now more than ever before to formulate and implement competencies which nurses must abide by in disasters. Some factors that are said to contribute to the ver increasing disasters are climate change, increased building in disaster prone areas, unplanned urban growth, natural barrier loss, lack of warning systems and also the lack of system’s ability to move populations from disaster to safe areas. The Hyogo Framework for Action (2005) was adopted by 168 countries in 2005 and is a 10 year blueprint for the reduction of disaster. The goal of this fra mework is not only to reduce the number of lives lost as a result of various disasters but also to reduce the economic, social and environmental losses to communities. Nurses and midwives are viewed by WHO (2007) as being essential in response to a disaster, but also notes that the lack of training provided for dealing with disasters as a major flaw in the disaster and emergency response worldwide. Therefore, it is essential that all nurses and midwives are trained in disaster nursing and meet these competencies just like any other competencies they are required to meet, in order to be effective when disaster strikes. Geebie and Qureshi (2002) explain how they believe that disaster nursing requires individuals to use their nursing knowledge and skills in difficult situations with limited resources and ever changing conditions. During these difficult times it is essential that nurses can adapt their practice to be disaster specific in order to minimise life-threatening damage and health hazards caused by the disaster. Jennings-Sanders, Frisch amp; Wing (2005) demonstrate that nurses, other healthcare professionals, emergency services, and both non-governmental and governmental organizations must work in collaboration during these situations in order for the best outcome to prevail. It is essential in a disaster situation that nurses involved in the care of patients must be able to shift their focus from one patient too many patients, as the operational focus of the disaster changes from that of initially life-saving and emergency response to that of public health and hazard prevention. It is essential for nurses to realise that no matter where the disaster that they are expected to work within the parameters of law for the particular nation, region or state that they are working. Seda (2002) defines nursing competence as the demonstration and applicable application of a nursing knowledge, skills, and judgement at an above average level. This definition of nursing competence can be used to underpin both the generalist nursing competencies and the disaster nursing competencies by the ICN. Due to the varying complexities and array of disasters nurses are often faced with, Wynd (2006) elucidates that there is an essential need for a common set of competencies to be formulated, which will assist nursing staff to work internationally, in a variety of settings with both other nurses and healthcare professionals from all over the world. The competencies listed below will ensure that there is a global nursing workforce ready, willing and most important able to respond in the event of a disaster:- 1. Create more consistency in the care given; 2. Build confidence; 3. Promote shared aims; 4. Assist nurses in their attempts to function as a successful member of the multidisciplinary team; 5. Assist nurses with their attempts to function effectively within the organisational structure; 6. Allow for a more unified approach; 7. Facilitate and more professional approach; 8. Facilitate communication; and 9. Facilitate the global deployment of nurses when disaster strikes. Hyrd (1995) believes that competencies facilitate the support, learning and assessment of nurses and will be able to serve as a guide for the curriculum development and ongoing education and training programmes and the establishment of competencies for nurses in the disaster settings. They are also used when creating position descriptions, but most importantly they allow the individual nurse practitioner to evaluate their own knowledge, skills and ability. It is these competencies that allow each individual to make decisions with regards to the appropriateness of their work assignments and any additional education they will need. Expanded Scope of Practice Davies and Moran (2005) illustrate how nurses fill varying roles throughout the continuum of disaster management although their roles are most often associated with life preservation and health maintenance within the response phase of a disaster. However, they also eluded that the nursing role in a disaster is indispensable and as varied as nurses are not used just in the initial response phase, but are used from preparedness for a disaster right through the continuum to long-term recovery from a disaster. Birnbaum (2002) depicts that nurses undeniably play a key role in disaster and crisis situations. Nurses have been shown throughout history to be at the forefront of those called upon for help when disaster strikes. Nursing staff are required in these crisis situations due to the skill that they possess such as care giving skills, leadership and adaptability plus a wide range of other skill which can be implemented in a variety of crises. It is shown by Davies and Moran (2005) that it is important that disaster response teams need to include an educated healthcare workforce which are able to respond quickly in times of crisis and be able to work in all areas of the disaster continuum. The scope of practice for nurses in Australia is legislated and has professional standards set as competency standards, codes of ethics, conduct and practice. A nurses scope of practice can be affected by numerous items including the context in which the practice, the health requirements of the patients, the nurses level of competence and experience, the policy, quality and risk management of the organisation plus education and qualifications. Jennings-Saunders (2004) illustrates that up until recently Australia like many other countries have had a laze fair attitude to that of education for disaster nursing. Minimal if any education in disaster nursing is taught at universities for undergraduates, with relatively new post graduate courses offered in disaster nursing which is obviously optional if an individual show a particular interest in this area of study. Amazingly, Weiner, Irwin, Trangenstein amp; Gordon (2005) illustrate how in the United States of America education in disaster nursing had been part of the nursing curriculum until the early 1970’s and although it was very limited it did cover the basics of disasters and the nursing role. It was phased out and not until the late 1990’s that disaster preparedness was also added into the curriculum and as the impact of both natural and man-made disasters has started to affect an increased population the content covered has increased accordingly. Mosca, Sweeney and Brenner (2005) describe how globally, education in disaster nursing has unfortunately been very similar to that of the USA and with the ever increasing curriculum demands for nurses and the under developed competencies in disaster nursing causing education in this field to be sparse at best. As a result of the lack of education and under developed competencies in this area of nursing there is a workforce that is greatly unprepared with minimal or no competency in disaster nursing. Ethical Practice Deeny, Davies, Gillespie and Spencer (2007) illustrate how nurses are expected to practice within a code of ethics which emphasises the respect of human rights and sensitivity to values and customs, dignity, fairness and justice. It is important to remember when nurses are tested with having to practice in a disaster they are confronted with challenging and ethical decisions in the face of limited available resources. Smith (2007) explains how in times of disasters, nurses are often faced with making decisions for the greater good of the community rather than that of individuals. This can often be a difficult process, as nurses are trained to be a patient advocate and strive for the best for each individual patient rather than the provision of optimal health services at a community level. Chapman and Arbon (2008) Nurses, who work internationally at times of crisis, are confronted with the culture and values of the community they are working in and must exhibit the upmost respect within the norms of that culture. It is essential for nurses not be become so involved in the mechanics of the disaster response so that they ignore the respect, dignity and cultural norms of the community affected by disaster. There are numerous elements a nurse must contend with as elucidated by Qureshi et. al. 2005) if they are to practice ethically when faced with adversity, firstly the collaboration with others in order to identify and address ethical challenges they will or are being faced with. Secondly, the protection of the rights, values and dignity of both individuals and communities, followed by the assurance of practicing within the cultural, social and spiritual beliefs of the individuals and communities. Next, maintaining confidentiality in both communication and documentation i s a disaster situation is another essential role in ethical nursing. Another element of practicing ethically is being able to understand ones one personal belief’s and how those beliefs can impact on the disaster response. The final element of ethical practice when nursing in disasters is being able to describe how security issues and ethics may clash. The ethical practice of disaster nursing is shown by Chapman and Arbon (2007) can branch out into the legal issues faced by nurses practicing in disaster zones most importantly is to ensure that you practice in accordance with all applicable laws in the regional, state, nation and of course internationally. Another legal issue faced by nurses practicing in disaster areas is the understanding of how laws and regulations which are actually specific to disasters can impact on nursing practices and disaster survivors. Smith (2007) shows, that the next legal issue facing nurses practicing in disaster areas is the recognition of the legal role of public health in order to protect the community. Also, it is essential for nurses to understand the legal implications of disasters and emergency events. Finally it is essential for nurses practicing in disaster regions to be able o describe the legal and regulatory issues facing them including working as a volunteer, the roles and responsibilities of volunteers, the abandonments of patients, the adaption of standards of care, the role and responsibilities to an employer and delegation. Perry (2007) illustrates another divergence from that of ethical issues facing disaster nursing is that of accountability. It is essential that when nursing in disaster regions you accept accountability and responsibility for you own actions along with the ability to delegate to others in order to follow all applicable laws and regulations in a disaster setting. Also essential in the disaster setting is the ability to identify your own limits in terms of knowledge, skills and abilities and ensure that you practice in accordance with them. Another accountability which faces those nursing in disaster is to ensure that you practice in accordance with the law and regulations governing nurses and their nursing practice. The final accountability is probably seen by nurses as the most important and that is being the advocate for the provision of safe and appropriate care for our patients. Ability to Respond http://www. polity. org. za/polity/govdocs/green_papers/disaster/gpdm2-3. html WHO (1999) describes Figure 1 the disaster management continuum as a continuous process which was calculated in order to lessen harm to populations, infrastructure and development struck by disasters and ensure community resilience is built. The phases of a disaster are not sequential and can overlap and simultaneously occur along with the length of each phase varying.

Fact or Fiction a Critique of the Man-Eating Myth Anthropophagy and Anthropology Essay Example Essay Example

Fact or Fiction: a Critique of the Man-Eating Myth: Anthropophagy and Anthropology Essay Example Paper Fact or Fiction: a Critique of the Man-Eating Myth: Anthropophagy and Anthropology Essay Introduction The Man-Eating Myth: Anthropophagy and Anthropology by William Arens (1979) examines the evidence or lack thereof in determining what constitutes cannibalism or anthropophagy. Throughout history anthropologists as well as other â€Å"explorers† have encountered numerous peoples throughout the world. During their fieldwork they have gathered data which suggest the practice of cannibalism within the communities. There have been countless documents which have substantiated the claim of cannibalism in distant countries. This data has been accepted as fact but in actuality these assumptions contain more fiction that validity. Arens has addressed this issue by scrutinizing these documents and providing secondary information that sheds light on the initial discoveries. Anthropophagy has been an ongoing topic for thousands of years. Cannibals are viewed as exotic, barbaric people whom lack the civilization to realize their customs are inane and fundamentally wrong. Due to this fact, f oreign communities have been labeled cannibals to justify ethnocentric views and actions: â€Å"This avenue of inquiry has led to the conclusion that our culture, like many others, finds comfort in the idea of the barbarian just beyond the gates. (p. 184) Anthropologists, for this reason, have substantiated accusations of cannibalism or anthropophagy without concrete evidence supporting these statements. â€Å".and almost every anthropologist considers it a sacred duty to report that the people studied and lived among were in the past or just recently eaters of their own kind. †(p. 8-9) This agenda is detrimental in finding the actual characteristic of a people because the researchers’ views become clouded by the cannibalistic fascination. Fact or Fiction: a Critique of the Man-Eating Myth: Anthropophagy and Anthropology Essay Body Paragraphs Anthropologist began to formulate ficticous accounts of anthropophagy by combining previously submitted documents along with miniscule true accounts: â€Å".we are to judge by the eye of reason, and not from common account. †(p. 9) First person evidence is the only credible way of substantiating or refuting the argument of cannibalism. Hearsay is only circumstantial in finding the truth on the subject. Arens’ experience with the tribal people in Tanzania added more depth to the anthropophagy debate. While in the field, Arens notice the Tanzanian people referring to him as Mchinja-chinja. Curious of the meaning, Arens asked his guide what the meaning was. Arens was told the meaning of Mchinja-chinja was blood-sucker. â€Å". I learned early on that the majority of the inhabitants either had suspicions or were convinced that I consumed human blood. †(p. 12) This evidence gives rise to the assumption people do not require ample evidence to conclude that a person or a group of people foreign to themselves is or was a cannibal. â€Å". their belief in this common variation on the cannibalism theme without a shred of concrete evidence. †(p. 13) The reason this generalization is prevalent is because everyone is an â€Å"other† to someone. In contrast to this critical position, the idea that Africans, Polynesians, New Guineans, American Indians are or were man-eaters until contact with the benefits of European influence is assumed to be in the realm of demonstrated fact. †(p. 19) The theory of â€Å"others† is associated heavily with anthropology because it helps justify the agenda of â€Å"explorers†. Being an â€Å"other† helps substantiate the assumptions made by travelers arriving in distant lands. The explorers encounter new lands inhabited by people who possess things of value. The easiest way to relinquish them of their possessions is to prove they do not deserve them. Being barbaric and uncivilized w as reason enough to strip a people of their belongings, to conquer and assimilate them to western civilization. This mindset causes the accepted documentation to be skewed and inaccurate; creating a pattern of savagery for future generations to reference. An example of this is seen in Hans Staden’s story of his journey. Hans Staden, a 16th century seaman, supposedly spent a little less than a year as a captive in America. During his stay Staden was captive as well as a guest. He recalled the tribal people whom inhabited his location as being cannibalistic. Staden spoke of an extremely detailed display of savagery. Staden explained how the captives were in cages and he heard women taunting him, saying â€Å"they would eat him†. He was brought, bound, to a spot designated by the painted females were they again taunted him. He then speaks of seeing a victim who is set next to a fire, and then killed by a warrior. The women then begin to collect the body and the village be gins to celebrate. â€Å"I was present and have seen all this with my own eyes. †(p. 23) The Staden example shows the stylized depiction associated with tribal eople. Cannibalism was and is a fascination that has weaved itself into history, although no solid proof has ever been found. Staden’s account has no validity because of the clearly obvious problems within the story. Staden, a 16th century seaman, was able to communicate with a group of people whom didn’t share the same dialect after being around them for less than a year. Secondly, how was it possible for Staden to survive this â€Å"experience† if he was being prepared to be eaten? The majority of the so-called â€Å"cannibal documents† are similar to the Staden account. It is evident the authors of these accounts are referencing the same source documents to acquire their first hand experiences. â€Å"The main point is that Staden and other seafarers of the time were most likely already c onvinced of Tupinamba savagery and cannibalism before they set foot on the continent, since the idea already had currency. †(p. 28) Staden wasn’t the only explorer of his time who decided to record their adventures. These men all traveled separately and weren’t connected to each other in anyway, but somehow they seemed to have experienced the same exact situation. Through three different accounts the same experiences are felt, almost word for word. â€Å"For example, Las Casas, in his History of the Indies, also written in the sixteenth century, reproduces a letter from some unnamed Portuguese priest among the Tupinamba who describe the cannibalistic rite and point out that the victim says to his executioner ‘that in his day he too killed his enemies, and that his relatives remain to avenge his death. ’†(p. 29) A Frenchman stationed in Brazil also commented on the Tupinamba as cannibals. â€Å"Are you not of the nation called Margaias, who ar e our enemies? Have you not killed and eaten our parents and friends? †(p. 29) Finally, an English man witnessed the exact same situation take place: â€Å"I am he that hath killed many of thy Nation and will kill thee. † (p. 29) These accusations provided Europeans with enough â€Å"evidence† to go throughout the world attempting to civilize the cannibals they came across. Cannibalism as a whole has been perpetuated by the necessity to conquer foreign territories. Anthropophagy gives would be explorers the â€Å"moral† right to invade communities stripping them of their possessions and culture in hope of bringing them to the level of western civilization. Evidence of this form of assistance has been seen throughout history. Most noticeably, the Aztec Indians were ravaged by Cortes and his search for gold. Cortes expressed that the Aztecs were uncivilized and barbaric. The Spaniards ransacked the civilization stripping it of all it possession and at the sa me time killing off its people. To justify this large scale genocide, the easiest thing to do was dehumanize the Aztecs. â€Å"Sometime shortly after the Conquest, it became apparent that in addition to being idolaters the Aztecs were both sodomists and cannibals. †(p. 58) Arens addresses the issue of cannibalism or anthropophagy as being associated to â€Å"others†. Whether a person is from Spain or a remote part of Africa, the foreigner will be classified in a derogatory manner. This is evident throughout the world by each individual’s ethnocentric views. The necessity for superiority is embedded in every culture no matter how sophisticated or simplistic. The necessity to substantiate these claims however, isn’t a priority. â€Å"The most certain thing to be said is that all cultures, subcultures, religions, sects, secret societies, and every other possible human association have been labeled anthropophagic by someone. (p. 139) Evidence is the key in d etermining which groups of people fall within the category of anthropophagy. Arens doesn’t classify individuals in this category; he instead gives examples of false classification. Whether a person is or isn’t a cannibal isn’t the issue. What is at the core of this argument is documentation. The association of a group of people to anthropophagy without proper support to substantiate the claims provides the imagination with room to grow. This has been the case throughout history. One person, Herodotus, in the 5th Century B. C. mentioned people in distant lands resorted to barbaric acts. .felt compelled to inform his readers in the fifth century B. C. that some unknown people, far beyond the pale of civilization, resorted to this barbaric custom. † Since this point in history, future generations have â€Å"borrowed† thoughts of cannibalism from their predecessors. Countries throughout the world have written on the exotic acts barbaric and savage tribe s’ people have participated in, however no solid facts have been submitted to solidify these remarks. The questions remains, If cannibalism is obviously so prevalent throughout distant societies why is finding a piece of concrete evidence so difficult? The answer to this question is because there is no need for evidence. Ethnocentrism is all that is need to substantiate the claims of individuals who say they have witnessed cannibalism. Societies vie to be the most superior and sophisticated civilizations. In this respect it makes sense to belittle competitors for these accolades. These sentiments are passed through the society reaching every part of community until mere thoughts become reality—fact. An example of this is of a German graduate student. He searched meticulously to find actual account of cannibalism but came up short. His search of all the publications from the sixteenth to the twentieth century had failed to produce a single first-hand account of the act itself in this, one of the last preserves of man-eaters. Almost all of the books he read mentioned its existence, but as unusual they were relying on other sources which never materialized as eyewitness accounts. †(p. 173) After concluding his research the graduate student told his professor of his finding and they concluded: â€Å".in light of their knowledge of the massive available evidence on cannibalism for this cultural area, he was mistaken. (p. 174) Although his professors never glanced at the documents their ethnocentric ideas dictated their actions. There prejudices toward cannibalism overrode their graduate students meticulously work in examining documents because in their eyes: â€Å".these were South American Indians, not civilized Europeans. †(p. 174) The solution to this problem is taking each instance with a grain of salt. Whether they are cannibals or not, there needs to be clear cut evidence that substantiates any data collected. The previously accept ed way of solidify truth needs to be re-evaluated as to safeguard the reputation of peoples of the world. If this comes to pass the ideal of hearsay being fact will cease to exist as it has in the past: â€Å"Now the notion of a flying sect of heretics had great advantages: it made it possible to account for assemblies which were frequent and often vast, and which nevertheless nobody ever saw. †(p. 185) This new way of addressing cannibalism with finally create a conclusion, a solid conclusion, whether it is fact or fiction. We will write a custom essay sample on Fact or Fiction: a Critique of the Man-Eating Myth: Anthropophagy and Anthropology Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Fact or Fiction: a Critique of the Man-Eating Myth: Anthropophagy and Anthropology Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Fact or Fiction: a Critique of the Man-Eating Myth: Anthropophagy and Anthropology Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Jesus and the gospel in Africa Essay Example

Jesus and the gospel in Africa Essay Example Jesus and the gospel in Africa Essay Jesus and the gospel in Africa Essay A BOOK REVIEW ON JESUS AND THE GOSPEL IN AFRICA -HISTORY AND EXPERIENCE Is the Gospel in Africa? What would Jesus expression like in Africa? These remarks of J. V. Taylor were the flicker to the pursuit of Professor Kwame Bediako’s scholarly probe that gave birth to the book Jesus and the Gospel in Africa. Bedako was a Ghanese bookman, born in Ghana on 7ThursdayJuly, 1945 and he passed off in summer 2008. He gained international repute for his work on the disclosure in Christianity in African Culture Bediako could hold been employed in one of the top Universities of the World but he chose instead to be committed to working out the deduction of his religion in the context of Africa. Jesus and the Gospel in Africa is one of the scholarly plants of Prof. Kwame Bediako, it is a aggregation of articles by Bediako to show in full strong belief that God speaks into the African context, in African parlance and that God is through hearing in African tongues the great things that God has done that African divinity emerges to enlighten non merely the African Church but the whole broad World. Jesus and the Gospel in Africa was originally published in Yaounde , Cameroun by Regnum Africa in 2000 and was republished by Orbis books, USA, in 2004. The book of 124pages is made up of 10 chapters and sub-divided into three parts. Chapter’s 1-3 are grouped in the first portion captioned the African Experience of Jesus. Chapters 4-6 are grouped as the 2nd portion captioned Theology and Culture while chapters 7-10 are the 3rd portion captioned Africa and the History of Christianity. Reappraisal: Part 1 THE AFRICAN EXPERIENCE OF JESUS. In chapter one, Bediako presents the phenomenon referred to as the modern displacement of the Centre of gravitation of Christianity. The thought of this displacement of Centre of gravitation is that the heartlands of the Christian religion has shifted from the West and has found another land of relevancy in the Southern continents of Latin America, Asia, and peculiarly in Africa. He showed that in 1900 80 % of the World’s Christians lived in Europe and Northern America. Today over 60 % of the World’s Christians lived in Latin America and Africa. By AD 2000, there could be between 330 million and 350 million Christians in Africa ( pg3 ) . Bediako used the word surprise to depict the paradigm displacement of the Centre of Christianity. He refuted the term Animism used to depict the cardinal faiths of Africa in 1910 when the World conference was held in Edinburgh, by a adult male who has neer been to Africa. The general perceptual experience of the term Animism was that there was peculiarly no spiritual content in it. They were so locked up in their ain head that no 1 foresaw the outgrowth of vivacious Christian presence in Africa, allow entirely the outgrowth of a distinctively African experience of Jesus Christ. In what Bediako called the surprise factor in the modern missional story . He highlighted the turn of event indicating out the Africa conference held in Le Zoute, Belgium, in September 1927, it appeared that the missional was now reflecting on, and larning from its African experience ( pg4 ) . The Le Zoute conference stood on the rearward way with the Edinbrugh conference of 1910 by confirming the acknowledgme nt that Africans old experience that has high component of spiritual value prepared them for the response of the Gospel. Bediako in reflecting on Africa and the hereafter of Christianity posits that the present displacement of the Centre of gravitation of Christianity to non-Western universe offers rather typical chances for Christian theological contemplation and for new apprehensions. He spoke clearly on Jesus of the deep: divinity from where the religion must populate, utilizing a potion of the self-generated supplication and congratulationss of Jesus by an nonreader Ghanese Christian adult female, he demonstrates the footing of African divinity which besides provides clear grounds that Christianity in Africa is strictly African experience. He disclosed that the pursuit and find of African divinity was launched by Africa’s academic theologists like Bolaji Idowu, John Mbiti and I suppose, himself in the late fiftiess and early 1960s under the changeless whipping from European public impatient with Africa because it was mostly without apprehension of the continent, these and other innovators of African divinity saw it as their undertaking to build the prescribed divinity ( pg16 ) . In chapter 2, Bediako expatiates the Jesus in African Culture and relates it to Ghanaian position. Here Jesus Christ is presented to both African Churches and African Christians and the universe at big as a cosmopolitan Saviour. However, one salient point is his recognition of the missionary’s attempt in pass oning the Gospel which the full community affirms. There is ever more to the hearing of the Word of God than can be contained in existent sermon of it by human agents ( pg20 ) . Bdiako as a Pastor and a sermonizer used the Bible to hit his ends. He demonstrated how The Apostle Paul grasped steadfastly the catholicity of the Gospel of Jesus the Messiah which includes all peoples without modesty, it is this idea that African theologists now portion. Again, it is notable that the rapid spread of Christianity is associated with the contact it had with other cardinal faiths correspondent to African Traditional Religion. And that the presences of these faiths were critical read ying for the Gospel. The averment that traditional faith forms the spiritual belief of more or less rearward and graded peoples all over the World and that it held no readying for the Christianity is refuted. The truth is that the cardinal faiths have been the most fertile dirt for religion of the huge bulk of Christians of all ages and all states ( pg21 ) . In his Jesus as the Godhead vanquisher in the African world , Bediako pictured the consciousness and intense consciousness of forces and powers at work that threaten the involvement of life and harmoniousness and with apprehension of human exposure in the spirit universe. Jesus Christ is seen as the 1 who possesses supreme power and authorization and is winning over the religious kingdom. Bediako created an ambiance that Jesus is all powerful to protect people over evil forces. He depicts Jesus as the Saviour who belongs basically to the more powerful kingdom of deity and stresses that there needs to be a deeper grasp of the traditional African universe, whose clasp is so strong that it exercises a powerful influence on the mode of apprehension and sing the Christ image ( pg22 ) . Bediako described Jesus as the One who fulfils and surpasses the map of the Ancestor. This has been the job of understanding Christ genuinely in the African universe. Africans believed that ascendants are powerful in their relationship with homo ; they reward the good workss and render penalty to evil. However, Biblical grounds has proved that the work of Christ surpasses the function of ascendants in what He has done and what He can make. Bediako decidedly pointed that the good intelligence as our narrative is no longer a inquiry of seeking to suit the Gospel in our civilization ; hence the Gospel is our narrative ( pg 25 ) . From Biblical point of position, Bediako argues that the epistle to the Hebrews is a missive to the Africans sing the function of Jesus Christ as a High Priest who fulfils absolutely the terminal that all forfeits search for to accomplish and the Priestly mediation of Christ which overrides all human priestly mediation. He positively appraised the work of Chris tian towards development claiming that each of us with the Bible in our mother-tongue can truly claim to hear God talking in our ain language ( 32 ) . Chapter 3 offers some galvanizing penetration into one of the most of import treatments in the survey of faith. Here Bediako efforts supplying an reply to the inquiry of how Jesus Christ is Lord amid African spiritual pluralism . He demonstrated with critical observation the singularity of Christ in the pluralistic environment of the African faith, indicating that Christ is alone in relation to other Godheads. Bediako sees the singularity of Christ non as an averment but as Christian avowal and acknowledgment. He states a Biblical avowal refering the singularity of Christ is non arbitrary claim or averment ( pg 38 ) . The singularity of Christ besides can be arrived by decision drawn from position of other universe faiths to show that Christ inhabit those universes as Lord, because faith is a tradition of response to the world and revelation of the Transcendent. Bediako draw our attending to that which Christ has confronted us with viz. : the Incarnation which is supremely the alone mark and presentation of godly exposure in history, the cross of Christ which shows His agony and redemptional work as expressed by His Godhead head and the logic of love and in conclusion, the Communion at the Lord’s tabular array which is an invitation to all who are united in religion. Consequently all faiths are invited by religion to react to this paradigm revelation of Jesus Christ in religion, penitence and obeisance. Part 2 – THEOLOGY AND CULTURE. Bediako started this portion with understanding African divinity in the 20th century in chapter 4. He elaborated on the two distinguishable tendencies that emerged from the African Christian idea in the post-missionary epoch of 1950s to the late eightiess, taking to the Black divinity of release in the African scene with the purpose of accomplishing integrating between the African pre-Christian spiritual experience and the African Christian committedness in ways that would guarantee the unity of African Christian individuality and selfhood. He looked at the African spiritual yesteryear as the premier theological issue in the argument, critics of early literature in African divinity has characterized it as unhealthy. However, African theologists have demonstrated that the African spiritual experience and heritage were non illusive ( pg 50 ) . To Bediako African Theology should be shaped and interpreted in a manner that it will reflect African theological individuality.

Bullying Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Bullying - Essay Example Bullying is still widely prevalent across many schools in the US according to recent statistics. This form of behavior has a negative impact on those who are being victimized and also promotes aggressive and violent behavior among those who take on the role of a bully. Bullying can have several physical, social, emotional and psychological consequences on those who are being victimized (Bullying Overview, 2014). Bullying which was thought to have originated in Scandinavia is now widespread in many countries around the world including the United States, Australia, Canada, Japan and the United Kingdom (Olweus, 2001). In the United States, several policies and laws are being implemented in schools across the country to prevent and protect children from the effects of bullying (Analysis of State Bullying Laws and Policies, 2011). School authorities play a major role in implementing and coordinating the various anti-bullying policies and laws along with the support of teachers, parents an d support staff such as practicing school psychologists. The main objectives of the anti-bullying policies in schools involve establishment of a school mission statement, code of conduct and a student bill of rights. Any updates on the policies need to be incorporated in the school rules and passed on to the staff, students and parents. These policies provide a means of early intervention in preventing bullying and they do not propose any kind of harsh punishments to those who involve in bullying their peers. Instead it recommends using a restorative justice approach in correcting the behavior of the perpetrators and offers suitable counseling to them as well as to those who have been victimized (Bullying, n.d; Sherer & Nickerson, 2010) 5. Analysis of these policies has revealed that they have been effective in reducing the rate of bullying in schools (Effective Evidence -based Practices, n.d). Bullying, which is defined as repeated exposure to

Indra Nooyi the Current CEO of PepsiCo Research Paper

Indra Nooyi the Current CEO of PepsiCo - Research Paper Example She launched her vision for the company with the motto â€Å"Performance with Purpose†, using her vast experience to promote a culture of change within the company. This has proved an integral strategy that will define her legacy, while her vision has significantly narrowed the company’s path for the foreseeable future (Annapoorna, 2011). Indra Nooyi has positively mastered various emotional intelligence competencies, including trustworthiness, adaptability, initiative, empathy, service orientation, and organizational awareness to succeed, which will be the focus of this paper. Indra Nooyi has proven to be a trustworthy leader with a real purpose and vision that her employees can believe in. While she is accountable ultimately to the shareholders at PepsiCo, it has been evident that she does not pander to Wall Street and is very clear about her goal to transform PepsiCo to a provider of healthy food and away from being a snack food firm (Cook & Glass, 2014). She has made this known through the prioritization of the environment, consumers, and her employees, considering a profit later, which has not been lost on her employees and management. The â€Å"Performance with Purpose† mission has formed the foundation for trust with her employees through its human sustainability, talent sustainability, and environmental sustainability aspects. By generating and balancing profits without loss of focus on her vision, the employees feel that the company has a secure future. This has also ensured that the employees focus on the company’s future and balance it with accountabilities and performance. Nooyi has given the employees a sense of purpose in knowing that they are making a difference while putting their future in the CEO’s hands for the future (Cook & Glass, 2014).  

Tourism And Travel Management In Portugal Tourism Essay

Tourism And Travel Management In Portugal Tourism Essay To see the world has been a childhood dream of mine since an early age. Although nothing will change my passion for my home country, I also have a great passion for seeing and experiencing the home countries of other people. I believe that the people of the world who are fortunate enough to have the ability to travel should make an effort to visit foreign countries. The benefits that spring from world travel are numerous. By traveling and interacting with people from other cultures one can help those other people understand where they come from. Experiencing another persons home country may help one better appreciate their own. I often wonder if people in the Middle East could hate Americans as much as they do if they had actually met one before they attacked the U.S., or if it would be so easy for people to ignore the human rights violations in Africa if they personally had an African friend. On a trip to the Dominican Republic I established several friendships with the Dominican pe ople. Not only do I feel like I helped them understand American culture, I also feel like I was able to learn more about their culture. I now have a personal connection with the Dominican Republic, and would care more if something good or bad happened there than I would otherwise. Because it may not be feasible for me to visit every country in the world, I am making an effort to visit every continent at some point in my life. So in the spirit of travel soon begins my journey to Western Europe. Upon graduating in the spring of 2011, I will celebrate by kicking off my traveling dream by visiting several places across Western Europe. The list includes Portugal, Spain, France, Germany, England, Scotland, and Ireland. I will loop my travel and spend the entire summer going between the regions, spending roughly 2 weeks in each. The purpose of this report is to focus on the first stop, Portugal. Area History and Customs: Compared to the United States, Portugal has a very long history as a country and this is reflected in everything from its historic architecture to its unique cultural traditions. Geographically, Portugal is a rather small country, slightly smaller than the size of Indiana (CIA World Factbook, 2010). Portugals long history spans over 11 defined periods ranging from the age of crusades and monarchy, to periods of empire and discovery, and even times of dictatorship and democracy (History of Portugal, 2004). One of these historical periods of achievement that Portugal may be most famous for is the Age of Discovery. Portuguese explorers such as Vasco de Gama and Magellan set forth on their explorations from Portugal. It was during this time that Portugal expanded its empire, settling locations in Brazil, Africa, and India and securing trade in the Indian Ocean (Eyewitness Portugal, 48). Portugal has experienced rule under a variety of foreign influences including the Moors, the Romans, a nd the Spanish; and residual influences from these forces upon Portugal have taken form in everything from their architecture to their religion and cultural practices. Present day Portuguese people are generally mild-mannered, easy-going, and polite (Eyewitness Portugal, 15). When traveling to Portugal I should expect to find a normally friendly and relaxed people, whom dress formally and conservatively, yet enjoy fun, laughing, and general merry-making (Eyewitness Portugal 15). A few more cultural points of note regarding the Portuguese are religion, language, and entertainment. The Portuguese are overwhelmingly Catholic, and religion is deeply embedded in the Portuguese lifestyle, especially in the north (Eyewitness Portugal, 16). The Portuguese also take great pride in their language, and although it may seem similar to Spanish, it would be insulting to suggest that in front of a Portuguese person (Eyewitness Portugal, 16). Lastly, the Portuguese are generally very enthusiastic about football (soccer) and fado (a musical style), both of which they enjoy watching and playing in their leisure time (Eyewitness Portugal 17). Although these generalizations may prove true most of the time, I will not let them tint my expectations of Portuguese people, and during my travels I hope to find my own definitions and descriptions of the average Portuguese person. As I have learned growing up in America, there are stereotypes and generalizations about Americans, and there are also distinct differences between Americans from different regions and states, but stereotypes are never 100% true, and as I visit different regions and cities in Portugal I will be sure to keep this in mind. Travel Motivations: As I stated earlier, my travel motivations stem from a love of world travel, a passion for learning more about world cultures, and a desire to make connections with individuals across the globe. During my stay in Portugal I hope to: 1) Learn more about Portugals history and development as a country; visit some of Portugals historical landmarks, parks, museums, castles, and more 2) Learn more about Portuguese culture and entertainment; listen to the unique Fado style of music 3) Experience Portuguese culture in both the urban and the rural settings; visit two of Portugals largest and most famous cities (Porto and Lisbon The Capital) 4) Interact with the people of Portugal at every opportunity, including from shops, hostels, and restaurants 5) Have the opportunity to teach someone I meet about America, represent the United States of America well (not be an Ugly-American tourist) Hopefully at the end of my entire trip I will not only have a greater understanding and appreciation for Portuguese culture, but also that of the six other locations I visit. I want to make my experience as immersive as possible and will make efforts to interact, learn, and explore everything each country, city, and town has to offer at every stop and every turn. http://portugal.travelguia.net/wp-content/uploads/2008/08/aveiro.jpg http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3208/2601723748_3f28b9361a_o.jpg hotel rooms Overview of Tourism Development: Throughout my research of Portugal, mainly of the cities and towns I will be staying in, I found that the area was well-equipped and prepared to accommodate and serve tourists. There were plenty of hotels, hostels, restaurants, and activities to do; most of which were directed towards a tourism crowd. According to Wikipedia (2010), Portugal attracts many tourists each year. In 2006, the country was visited by 12.8 million tourists. Tourism is playing an increasingly important role in Portugals economy contributing with about 5% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Because of the heavy role tourism plays in the economy, I can generally expect to be accommodated most places I travel within Portugal, and have planned out my trip in such a way that I will already know where I am staying each night. Although Portugal is one of the safest countries in the world, ranking #13 on the Global Peace Index (2010), there are still some precautions travelers should take when visiting Portugal , or any other country for that matter. As the SafeTravel Website describes, Portugal is generally a safe country with a low crime rate, although you have to be more careful in the larger cities, especially Lisbon, which has many pickpockets. But you should watch out for the traffic, especially on the IP5 and the N125 (the main route to the touristy Algarve), which have frequently proved deadly (2010). I will not be driving in any of my travels through Portugal, and rather I will spend most of my travel time on mass transit or walking. However, when walking, especially when crossing streets, I should be aware that road safety is a concern and look before I cross. To minimize the probability of being targeted by a pickpocket I have budgeted out my money ahead of time for all activities. Rather than ca rry my wallet around with me everywhere and risk losing bank cards and drivers licenses, I will carry cash with me and keep it spread out in various pockets. I will also avoid pulling out large sums of cash in public places and be sure I have what I need for activities food, and shopping, before leaving the hostel. Currency/Visa Requirements: Portugal, as a member of the European Union, uses the Euro as its form of currency. As of 27 July 2011, the current exchange rate for Euros to American Dollars is 1 Euro = 1.2982 United States Dollars. Although a passport is required for United States citizens to visit Portugal, a visa is not required for tourist stays of less than 90 days (Visa Requirements, 2010). Itinerary: Summer Overview Country Arrival Time Departure Time United States May 23, 2011 Portugal May 24, 2011 June 5, 2011 Spain June 5, 2011 June 20, 2011 France June 20, 2011 July 4, 2011 Germany July 4, 2011 July 18, 2011 England July 18, 2011 August 1, 2011 Scotland August 1, 2011 August 15, 2011 Ireland August 15, 2011 August 29, 2011 United States August 30, 2011 C:Documents and SettingsGarrettMy DocumentsMy PicturesPortuga lTrip Planningwesterneurope map2.JPG Portugal Daily Itinerary Day 1: May 23, 2011 Travel Day { Richmond ,Newark , Portugal } 1500 Arrive at RIC 1715 Flight Departs Continental Airlines (Flight CO2505) $217.40 USD (Round-Trip) $108.70 USD (For this flight) 1842 Flight lands in EWR 1900 Dinner in EWR Burger King $8.50 USD 2026 Flight Departs EWR Air Portugal (Flight TAP114) 629.28 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ ($813.10 USD) One-Way Day 2: May 24, 2011 Arrival in Porto, Portugal 0621 Flight Lands in Porto Air Portugal (Flight TAP114) 0630 Security/ Customs Porto Airport 0800 Depart Airport Metro: To Trindade Station Andante Tour Pass (3 days) {Unlimited use of metro, bus, and suburban train} 0820 Arrive Trindade Station Walk to Accommodation 0825 Arrive at Accommodation The Spot Hostel Rua Goncalo Cristovao No12; Porto, Portugal 20 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ per night (2 nights) $51.00 USD 0830 Drop off Luggage at (in Luggage Storage Room) The Spot Hostel Rua Goncalo Cristovao No12; Porto, Portugal Check-in not until 1400 0845 Breakfast at Local Cafe Budget: 7.50 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 0930 Walk Around City Sightseeing Operation, Relax and Enjoy sights and soundsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 1030 Visit Igreja de Sà £o Francisco (Church of Saint Francis) UNESCO World Heritage Site 3.50 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ ($4.50 USD) 1115 Leave Igreja de Sà £o Francisco Continue walking westward down by river, passing historic Alfà ¢ndega Nova, then head north towards Jardim da Cordoaria (Park). 1230 After enjoying walk and park, get lunch at a local cafà ©/restaurant Budget: 10.50 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 1330/1400 Walk back to The Spot Check into room, take nap (Recover from jet lag), shower 1630 Take metro from Trindade to Matosinhos Sul Station From Matosinhos Sul walk to beach 1700 Walk down beach to see the Forte de Sà £o Francisco Xavier do Queijo (Castle of the Cheese) After enjoying castle view and walk back to the beach and relax 1900 Head to Buhle restaurant near beach for dinner Budget: 20.00 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ ($25.00 USD) 2030 Head back to beach to watch sunset {Sunset time: 2054} 2100 Take metro back to Trindade Station and The Spot then to Sao Bento Station in Ribeira district 21452300 Visit Restaurante O Fado for some traditional Portugal Blues music and/or Ryans Irish Pub for some Guinness Budget: 7 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ ($9.00 USD) 2300-2330 Take metro back to Trindade Station and The Spot ; go to sleep Day 3: May 25, 2011 Porto, Portugal 0800 Wake Up 0830 Complimentary Breakfast 0930 Walk to AntoÅ„io Fernandes (Grocery Store) Buy lunch and dinner items Budget: 12 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ ($15.00 USD) 1015 Walk back to The Spot Drop off groceries, pack lunch to have on-the-go 1030 Take Metro to Casa de Musica House of Music concert hall 1100 Tour Casa de Musica Cost: 3 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ ($4.00 USD)(Source: Lonely Planet Book Portugal) 1300 Leave Casa de Musica Walk to Monumento aos Herà ³is da Guerra Peninsular (Park) 1330 Eat Lunch in Park 1400 Take metro to Sao Bento Station, walk around/tour the cathedral district; sights may include: (Sà £o Bento Station, The Fernandine Walls, Santa Clara Church, Terreiro da Sà ©) 1630 Walk to Ponte Dom Luà ­s (Bridge) for view over Douro river and city 1715-1730 Head back to Sao Bento Station; Take metro and walk back to The Spot 1800-1930 Prepare dinner in kitchen and eat dinner 2200 Head to Hot Five Jazz and Blues Club to enjoy some local music Budget: 7 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ ($9.00 USD) 0000 Be Back at The Spot and get some sleep Day 4: May 26, 2011 Travel to Aveiro, Portugal 0900 Wake Up, Eat Breakfast, Prepare to Leave 1000 Take Metro from Trindad Station to Campanhà £ Station; board train at Campanhà £ Train Station 1052 Train Departs Campanhà £ Station heads for Aveiro Price: 9.50 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ ($12.30 USD) 1130 Train arrives in Aveiro eat lunch at local restaurant Budget: 7.00 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ ($9.00 USD) 1300 Check into BiniBag Guest House (Hostel) Price 2 Nights: 32 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ ($ 41. 30 USD) 1400 Walk to tourism info. center Rent Bike, ride around town Price: 1à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ {returned when bike is} 1600 Return Bike, Walk to small park near canal 1700 Walk to Carrefour (Grocery Store) Buy food for 2 dinners , 2 lunches Budget: 35 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ ($45.20 USD) 1740 Walk back to BiniBag House, Cook Dinner Eat then relax on rooftop of BiniBag Hostel 1930 Open Night: explore, read a book, shop, nightlife, or sleep Budget: 20 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ ($25.80 USD) Day 5: May 27, 2011 Aveiro Lagoons, Museums, and Cathedrals 0900 Wake Up, Complimentary Breakfast at BiniBag Hostel (Pack Lunch to have today) 1030 Boat tour of Lagoon Information and Pricing at Tourist Center Cost: Unknown (Budget: 10 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬) 1300 Lunch (packed) Eat wherever, preferably near canals/outdoors 1330 Head to Museum of Aveira Tour the museum Price: 1600 After Leaving the museum stop by Se Cathedral de Aveiro and Igreja de Sà £o Joà £o Evangelista Two historical cathedrals in the area, worth checking out 1800 Head Back to BiniBag Hostel and Cook Dinner Eat/Relax on Rooftop 1930 Open Night: explore, read a book, shop, nightlife, or sleep Budget: 20 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ ($25.80 USD) Day 6: May 28, 2011 Depart Aveiro, Head for Coimbra 0900 Wake Up Complimentary Breakfast at Binibag Hostel Pack up prepare to leave 1130 Depart Aveiro via Train 26 minute train ride Price: 9.50 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ ($ 12.30 USD) 1200 Arrive in Coimbra Get Snack at a local restaurant Budget: 5 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ ($ 6.50) 1300 Check into Grande Hostel de Coimbra Drop off luggage Price (3 nights): 45 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ ($58.14USD) 1400 Head to Antonio o Dinis Santos (Grocery) 2 breakfasts, 2 lunches, 2 dinners Budget: 35 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ ($45.22 USD) 1530 Walk to Museu da Cià ªncia da Universidade de Coimbra Science Museum affiliated with nearby university Price: 3 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ (3.87 USD) 1800 Leave Museum, head to Democratica (restaurant) for dinner; cheap popular spot with local students [Not open on Sunday] Budget: 10 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ ($12.92 USD) 2000 Walk down historic Rua da Sofia (one of the citys main thoroughfares) classified as a national monument Day 7: May 29, 2011 Kayaking Trip 0830 Wake Up, cook and eat breakfast, prepare for kayaking trip 1000 Get picked up for kayaking trip on Rio Mondego Company: O Pioneiro do Mondego (Pack lunch to have with me) Price: 20 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 1600 Return from kayaking trip, head back to Hostel to shower , change, and cook dinner 2300 Go to à ¡Capella (local student-run bar featuring live Fado music every night) Budget: 10 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ ($12.92 USD) 0100 Back to Hostel and sleep Day 8: May 30, 2011 Exploring the city of Coimbra 0930 Wake up, cook/eat breakfast 1000 Spend day walking around historic district, pack lunch, Total Cost/Budget 10à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ ($ 12.92 USD) 1000-1900 Sights and stops will include: Se Velha de Coimbra (Old Cathedral of Coimbra) {3 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬}; -Largo da Portagem (Plaza with shopping and cafes) {5 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ budget}; Jardim Botà ¢nico (Botanical Gardens) {free}; eat packed lunch here -Igreja e Mosteiro de Santa Cruz (Church and Monastery of Santa Cruz),{free, can pay 1 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ to see cloister} -Jardim de Manga (Manga Garden), small park with interesting fountain {free} -Pà ¡tio da Inquisià §Ãƒ £o, (Headquarters of Portuguese Inquisition) dungeons and torturing occurred here {free} 1930 Head back to Hostel, Prepare and eat dinner 2100 Day 9: May 31, 2011 Last Day in Coimbra, Travel to Fatima 0930 Wakeup, Prepare and eat Breakfast 1000 Walk around Praà §a do Comà ©rcio (commercial square); shop eat small brunch at local cafà © Budget: 12 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 1430 Head to Train Station, Catch Train leaving at 1519 for Fatima Price: 10 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ ($12.92 USD) 1611 Arrive in Fatima, Check into Luna Fatima Plaza (Hotel) Price: 15 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ (1 Night) 1700 Walk to MiniMercado Eva (Grocery), Buy Breakfast and Lunch items Budget: 15 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ ($ 19.40 USD) 1900 Eat Dinner at Restaurante a Grehla(Traditional Portuguese grill) Budget: 12 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ ($15.50 USD) 2000 Go see Capela das Aparià §Ãƒ µes (Chapel of Apparitions) {Apparent Location of Appearance of Virgin Mary} Price: Free 2200 Free night, explore, possibly go to Là ©rias bar, read, sleep Budget: 5 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ ($ 6.50 USD) Day 10: June 1, 2011 Ourem Castle and travel to Lisbon 0900 Wake up, eat breakfast 1000 Head to Ourem via taxi or bus Budget: 15à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 1030 Tour Castle at Ourem, eat packed lunch, explore surrounding area Price/Budget: 5 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 1400 Head back to Fatima, prepare to catch 1755 Train to Lisbon Train Price à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€  10 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 2039 Arrive in Lisbon (Entrecampos Station), take metro to Baixa/Chiada Station 3-Day Lisboa Card(Free Public Transport and State Museum Entry) Price: 35 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ ($45.22 USD) 2100 Check into Smile Hostel Price: (3 nights) 48 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ ($ 62 USD) 2200 Eat cheap dinner at local restaurant/cafà © Budget: 7 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ ($ 9 USD) 2300 Explore area for interesting nightlife Budget: 15 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ ($19.38 USD) Day 11: June 2, 2011 First Full Day in Lisbon (Historic sites in the Alfama Area)) 0900 Wake up, eat breakfast at a local cafà © Budget: 4 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ ($5.17 USD) 1000 Walk to Supermercado Chen (grocery store) buy groceries for rest of stay Budget: 40 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ ($51.68 USD) 1130 Walk to and explore St. Georges Castle Price 5 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ (30% Discount w/ Lisboa Card) {3.50 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬} 1230 Lunch, then visit Museu Militar (Portuguese Military Museum) Price: 3 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ (20% Discount w/ Card) {2.40 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬} 1500 Visit Sao Vicente de Fora (Church of St. Vincent Lisbons Patron Saint) Price: Free 1600 Wander around Feira da Ladra (Thieves Market) check out this famous market Budget: 3 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 1700 Visit Sà © Cathedral de Lisboa (The citys cathedral), visit cloister Free, Pay 2.50 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ for cloister 1800 Walk back to hostel, pass by Church of Santo Antà ³nio, cook and prepare dinner 2000 Walk to waterfront, view sunset at à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€  2056 2100-2300 Checkout local nightlife, try to see some live fado music Budget: 7 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ Day 12: June 3, 2011 Second Day in Lisbon 0900 Wake up, eat breakfast 1000 Rent a GoCar, drive around city on self-guided tour Pick up is near Hostel 1200 Visit Belem Tower (also eat lunch) Historic fortress and monument to Portugals age of discovery Free with Lisboa card 1300 Visit Palà ¡cio da Ajuda (historic palace turned museum) Free with Lisboa card 1600 Walk around Belem, visit anything that tickles my fancy Budget: 10à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬, try to take advantage of Lisboa Card 1900 Head back to Hostel and Eat Dinner 2100- Open night, do whatever Budget: 15 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ Day 13: June 4, 2011 Last Day in Lisbon (and Portugal) 0930 Wake up, eat breakfast Budget for daily activities: 20 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 1030 Head to the beach, spend most of the day at/around the beach relaxing /soaking last bit of Portuguese sun 1500 Head to any Historical locations of note that I may have seen on GoCar tour but didnt explore on foot 1900 Dinner at Local Restaurant Budget: 15-20 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 2100- Enjoy last bit of Portuguese night life Budget: 10-18 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ Day 14: June 5, 2011 Depart Portugal, Head for Spain 0900 Wake Up, Breakfast, Pack, Check out of Hostel 1030 Catch Bus from Lisbon to Madrid (arrives in Madrid 2030) Price: 45 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ Total Cost of Vacation [Portugal] Item Price (à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬) Price ($ USD) Travel (Airlines, Metro, Busesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) 892.54 1153.25 Dining 258.58 334.11 Hotel 180.00 232.58 Events 137.90 178.18 Misc. Activities / Shopping 170.00 219.66 Total 1639.02 2117.78